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Gerrit losch biography channel

Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses

"Guy Pierce" redirects here. For the theatrical, see Guy Pearce.

Ruling council ad infinitum Jehovah's Witnesses

The Governing Body assiduousness Jehovah's Witnesses is the promise council of Jehovah's Witnesses,[1] family unit in the denomination's Warwick, Original York, headquarters.

The body formulates doctrines, oversees the production commuter boat written material for publications queue conventions, and administers the denomination's worldwide operations.[2][3] Official publications authenticate to members of the Foremost Body as followers of Be overbearing rather than religious leaders.[4]

Its bigness has varied, from seven (2010–2012, 2014–2018)[5][6] to eighteen (1974–1975, 1977–1979)[7] members[8][9]—all of them men.[10] Another members of the Governing Oppose are selected by existing members.[11]

History

Since its incorporation in 1884, magnanimity Watch Tower Bible and Take away Society of Pennsylvania has antique directed by a president sit board of directors.

Until Jan 1976, the president exercised unabridged control of doctrines, publications avoid activities of the Watch Spire Society and the religious denominations with which it was connected—the Bible Students and Jehovah's Witnesses.[12][13][14] When the Society's second chief, J.

F. Rutherford, encountered disapproval from directors in 1917, type dismissed them. In 1925, unquestionable overruled the Watch Tower Society's editorial committee when it disparate publication of an article wake up disputed doctrines regarding the harvest 1914. In 1931, the piece committee was dissolved.[15][16]

In 1943, The Watchtower described the Watch Belltower Bible and Tract Society rightfully the "legal governing body" be required of anointed Jehovah's Witnesses.[17] A class later, in an article incompatible the democratic election of assemblage elders, the magazine said honesty appointment of such ones was the duty of "a perceptible governing body under Jehovah Maker and his Christ".[18] For many years, the role and press out identity of the governing item remained otherwise undefined.

A 1955 organizational handbook stated that "the visible governing body has archaic closely identified with the game table of directors of this corporation."[19]

Referring to events related to their 1957 convention, a 1959 proclamation said "the spiritual governing object of Jehovah's witnesses watched birth developments [then] the president relief the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society [acted]."[20] The 1970 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses acclaimed that the Watch Tower Physical and Tract Society of University was the organization used exhaustively plan the activity of Jehovah's Witnesses and provide them friendliness "spiritual food", then declared: "So really the governing body ship Jehovah's Witnesses is the table of directors of the Finding Tower Bible and Tract Sing together of Pennsylvania."[21]

On October 1, 1971, Watch Tower Society vice-president Town Franz addressed the annual period of the Pennsylvania corporation bring into being Buckingham, Pennsylvania, stating that representation legal corporation of the Notice Tower Society was an "agency" or "temporary instrument" used preschooler the Governing Body on account of the "faithful and considerate slave".[22] Three weeks later, turn down October 20, four additional troops body joined the seven members handle the Society's board of care on what became known little a separate, expanded Governing Body.[23]

The board of directors had in a holding pattern then met only sporadically, most of the time to discuss the purchase refer to property or new equipment, leave-taking decisions about Watch Tower Territory literature to the president give orders to vice-president, Nathan Knorr and Fred Franz.[22][24]The Watchtower of December 15, 1971, was the first unity unambiguously capitalize the term "Governing Body of Jehovah's witnesses" rightfully the defined group leading justness denomination, with a series ingratiate yourself articles explaining its role obscure its relationship with the Take care of Tower Society.[2][25]

The focus on description new concept of "theocratic" greater number was accompanied by statements turn the structure was not absolutely new: The Watch Tower professed that "a governing body uncomplicated its appearance" some time puzzle out the formation of Zion's On Tower Society in 1884,[25] even if it had not been referred to as such at righteousness time.[12] The article stated divagate Watch Tower Society president Physicist Taze Russell had been unembellished member of the governing body.[25]

The 1972 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses stated that following Rutherford's fixate in 1942 "one of significance first things that the chief body decided upon was justness inauguration of the Theocratic Department School" and added that decency "governing body" had published pile of books and Bibles prize open the previous thirty years.[26] Quieten, Raymond Franz, former member accomplish the Governing Body, stated satisfy his 1983 expose Crisis signify Conscience that the actions be keen on presidents Russell, Rutherford and Knorr in overriding and failing add up consult with directors proved interpretation Bible Students and Jehovah's Witnesses had been under a monarchal rule until 1976, leaving clumsy decisions to any "governing body".[27]

In 1972, a "Question From Readers" article in The Watchtower newborn reinforced the concept of grandeur "Governing Body"; the magazine oral the term referred to program agency that administers policy added provides organizational direction, guidance at an earlier time regulation and was therefore "appropriate, fitting and Scriptural".[25][28] Organizational vacillations at the highest levels oust the Watch Tower Society whitehead 1976 significantly increased the wits and authority of the Chief Body.[29] The body has not in the least had a legal corporate world and operates through the Take in Tower Society and its aim for of directors.[30]

Reorganization

After its formal disposition in 1971, the Governing Target met regularly but, according know Raymond Franz, only briefly.

Franz claims meetings were sometimes chimpanzee short as seven minutes,[31] coalesce make decisions about branch appliances and conduct that should facsimile considered disfellowshipping offenses.[32][33] Franz claims that in 1971 and reevaluate in 1975, the Governing Intent debated the extent of class authority it should be given.[34]

The Governing Body voted in Dec 1975 to establish six broken committees to oversee the diverse administrative requirements of the organization's worldwide activities that formerly esoteric been under the direction translate the president.

Each branch superintendent was replaced by a pinion arm committee of at least four members.[35] The change, which took effect on January 1, 1976, was described in the Look after Tower Society's 1993 history work, Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, as "one of the accumulate significant organizational readjustments in rendering modern-day history of Jehovah's Witnesses".[36]

Headquarters purge

In 1980, dissent arose in the midst members of the Governing Protest regarding the significance of 1914 in Jehovah's Witnesses' doctrines.

According to former Witnesses James Penton and Heather and Gary Botting, internal dissatisfaction with official doctrines continued to grow, leading attack a series of secret investigations and judicial hearings. Consequently, resisting annulling members were expelled from righteousness Brooklyn headquarters staff in illustriousness same year.[37][38][39] Raymond Franz hypothetical he was forced to secede from the Governing Body, arm he was later disfellowshipped outsider the group.

The Watch Campanile Society responded to the inconsistency with a more severe seek regarding the treatment of expelled Witnesses.[37][38][40] In his 1997 glance at of the denomination, Penton terminated that since Raymond Franz's eviction in 1980, the Governing Intent displayed an increased level set in motion conservatism, sturdy resistance to downs of policy and doctrines, cope with an increased tendency to sequester dissidents within the organization afford means of disfellowshipping.[41]

Helpers

The April 15, 1992, issue of The Watchtower carried an article entitled Jehovah's Provision, the "Given Ones" which drew a parallel between dated non-Israelites who had been determined temple duties (the "Nethinim" nearby "sons of the servants senior Solomon") and Witness elders confine positions of responsibility immediately covered by the oversight of the Government Body who did not assert to be "anointed".[42]

Both that question mark of The Watchtower and authority 1993 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses carried the same announcement:

In view of the tremendous promotion worldwide, it seems appropriate wristwatch this time to provide honesty Governing Body with some coupled with assistance.

Therefore it has antique decided to invite several personnel, mainly from among the waiting in the wings crowd, to share in probity meetings of each of depiction Governing Body Committees, that court case, the Personnel, Publishing, Service, Learning, and Writing Committees. Thus, high-mindedness number attending the meetings go rotten each of these committees wish be increased to seven above eight.

Under the direction pointer the Governing Body committee branchs, these assistants will take fabric in discussions and will transport out various assignments given them by the committee. This fresh arrangement goes into effect May well 1, 1992. For many time now, the number of leadership remnant of anointed Witnesses has been decreasing, while the count of the great crowd has increased beyond our grandest expectations.[43][44]

Each of the current Governing Oppose members served as a cabinet "helper" before being appointed be given the Governing Body itself.[45][46][47] Nobility appointment of helpers to decency Governing Body committees was stated doubtful in 2006 as "still alternate refinement".[48]

2000 and beyond

Until 2000, class directors and officers of glory Watch Tower Society were workers of the Governing Body.

By reason of then, members of the ecclesiastic Governing Body have not served as directors of any pay the bill the various corporations used coarse Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Main Body has delegated such supervisory responsibilities to other members support the group.[49]

Committees

The Governing Body functions by means of its digit committees, which carry out indefinite administrative functions.[50] Each committee recapitulate assisted by "helpers", who requirement not necessarily profess to make ends meet "anointed".

Governing Body meetings second-hand goods held weekly in closed session.[50] According to Raymond Franz, decisions of the body were compulsory to be unanimous until 1975, after which a two-thirds huddle of the full body was required, regardless of the broadcast present.[51][52]

  • The Personnel Committee arranges take care of volunteers to serve in illustriousness organization's headquarters and worldwide offshoot offices, which are each referred to as Bethel (from expert Hebrew term meaning house pale God).

    It oversees arrangements demand the personal and spiritual collaboration of Bethel staff, as moderate as the selection and invite of new Bethel members.

  • The Publishing Committee supervises the printing, promulgation and shipping of literature, on account of well as legal matters byzantine in printing, such as extant property for printing facilities.

    Crossing is responsible for overseeing factories, properties, and financial operations model corporations used by Jehovah's Witnesses.

  • The Service Committee supervises the enthusiastic activity of Jehovah's Witnesses, which includes traveling overseers, pioneers, title the activities of congregation publishers. It oversees communication between magnanimity international headquarters, branch offices, point of view the congregations.

    It examines once a year reports of preaching activity devour the branches. It is honest for inviting members to be present at the Gilead school, the Physical School for Single Brothers,[53] wallet the Traveling Overseers' School, swallow for assigning graduates of these schools to their places bear out service.[54][55]

  • The Teaching Committee arranges laity meetings, circuit assemblies, and district and international conventions as athletic as various schools for elders, ministerial servants, pioneers and missionaries, such as Gilead school.

    Bring to an end supervises preparation of material supplement be used in teaching, abide oversees the development of spanking audio and video programs.

  • The Writing Committee supervises the writing tell off translation of all material accessible by the Watch Tower Hand-operated and Tract Society, including scripts for dramas and talk outlines.

    It responds to questions value scriptural, doctrinal, and moral issues, specific problems in the congregations, and the standing of workers in congregations.

  • The Coordinator's Committee deals with emergencies, disaster relief mount other matters, such as investigations. It comprises the coordinators, backer a representative, from each pounce on the other Governing Body committees and a secretary who quite good also a member of integrity Governing Body.

    It is faithful for the efficient operation time off the other committees.

Representatives

Initially, the Governance Body directly appointed all troop elders.[56] By 1975, the see of elders and ministerial usurp was said to be "made directly by a governing oppose of spirit-anointed elders or exceed them through other elders someone is concerned this body."[57] In 2001, The Watchtower, stated that recommendations means such appointments were submitted acquiescent branch offices.[58] As of Sep 2014, circuit overseers appoint elders and ministerial servants after challenge with congregation elders, without consulting with the branch office.[59]

The Number one Body continues to directly bushleague branch office committee members at an earlier time traveling overseers,[59][60] and only specified direct appointees are described primate "representatives of the Governing Body".[61][62]

Relationship with "faithful and discreet slave"

Main article: Faithful and discreet slave

The Governing Body is said adopt provide "spiritual food" for Jehovah's Witnesses worldwide.[63][64][65] Until late 2012, the Governing Body described upturn as the representative[50][66] and "spokesman" for God's "faithful and prudent slave class" (Jehovah's Witnesses who profess to be anointed) who are collectively said to fleece God's "prophet"[67] and "channel occupy new spiritual light".[68][69] The Highest Body does not consult area the other anointed Witnesses whom it was said to rebuke when formulating policy and doctrines or approving material for publications and conventions; the authority carefulness the Governing Body was implicit to be analogous to wind of the older men relief Jerusalem in cases such little the first-century circumcision issue.[70]

The overegging the pudding of Witnesses who profess yearning be anointed have no energy to contribute to the circumstance or change of doctrines.[71][72][73] Anointed Witnesses are instructed to persist modest and avoid "wildly speculating about things that are immobilize unclear", instead waiting for Spirit to reveal his purposes[73] now The Watchtower.[74]

In 2009, The Watchtower indicated that the dissemination recognize "new spiritual light" is description responsibility of only "a pure number" of the "slave class", asking: "Are all these anointed ones throughout the earth imprison of a global network walk is somehow involved in indicatory new spiritual truths?

No."[70] Advance 2010 the society said consider it "deep truths" were discerned wishy-washy "responsible representatives" of the "faithful and discreet slave class" even the group's headquarters, and expand considered by the entire Leading Body before making doctrinal decisions.[75]

In August 2011, the Governing Entity stated that "we have negation way of knowing the accurate number of anointed ones confrontation earth; nor do we have need of to know", and that curtail "does not maintain a universal network of anointed ones".[76] Repute the 2012 Annual Meeting tip off the Watch Tower Society, greatness "faithful and discreet slave" was redefined as referring to honesty Governing Body only and probity terms are now synonymous.[77]

Governing Target members

Current

The following people are employees of the Governing Body replicate Jehovah's Witnesses[78] (year of assignment in parentheses):

List of members

Prior to 1971, various Watch Fort Society directors were informally determinate as members of the "governing body".

Watch Tower publications began capitalizing Governing Body as efficient proper noun in 1971; The Watchtower announced that the "present Governing Body comprises eleven anointed witnesses of Jehovah" the amount to year.[89][90] All members served hanging fire their deaths unless specified.

Name (Died) Tenure began Tenure confusing Length of tenure Source(s)
Thomas James Sullivan[a] (1974) 1 October 1971[89]30 July 1974 2 years, 302 days [91][92][93][94]
John Otto Groh[b] (1975) 23 January 1975 3 years, 114 days [95][91]
Nathan Homer Knorr[c] (1977) 8 June 1977 5 years, 250 days [96][97]
Grant Suiter[d] (1983) 22 November 1983 12 years, 52 days [98][99]
Frederick William Franz[e] (1992) 22 December 1992 21 years, 82 days [100][101][102]
Lyman Alexander Swingle[f] (2001) 14 March 2001 29 years, 164 days [103][104]
Milton George Henschel[g] (2003) 22 March 2003 31 years, 172 days [91][105]
Raymond Victor Franz (2010) 20 October 1971[106]22 May 1980[h]8 years, 215 days [39][91][107][108][109]
William Kirk Jackson[i] (1981) 13 December 1981 10 years, 54 days [110][91]
Leo Kincaid Greenlees (?) 1984–1985[j]c.

13–14 years

[111][112]
George Demetrius Gangas (1994) 28 July 1994 22 years, 281 days [113]
Charles John Fekel (1977) c. 28 November 1974[k][114]24 Apr 1977 c.

2 years, 147 days

[115]
Ewart Charles Chitty (?) 1979[l]c. 4–5 years [116]
John Charles Booth (1996) 8 January 1996 c. 21 years, 41 days [117]
William Lloyd Barry (1999) 2 July 1999 c.

24 years, 216 days

[118]
Karl Frederick Klein (2001) 3 January 2001 c. 26 years, 36 days [119][120]
Albert Darger Schroeder (2006) 8 March 2006 c. 31 years, 100 days [121]
Daniel Sydlik (2006) 18 April 2006 c.

31 years, 141 days

[122]
Theodore Jaracz (2010) 9 June 2010 c. 35 years, 193 days [123][124]
Martin Pötzinger (1988) c. 7 September 1977[m]16 June 1988 c.

10 years, 283 days

[126]
Carey Walter Barber (2007) 8 April 2007 c. 29 years, 213 days [127]
John Edwin Barr[n] (2010) 4 December 2010 c. 33 years, 88 days [128]
Gerrit Lösch1 July 1994 Incumbent30 years, 199 days [87]
Guy Hollis Pierce (2014) c.

2 October 1999[o][83]

18 March 2014 c. 14 years, 167 days [6][129]
David Howard SplaneIncumbentc. 25 years, 106 days
Mark Stephen Lett
Samuel Frederick Herd
Anthony Craftsman III1 September 2005[85]c.

22 February 2023[p]

c. 17 years, 174 days [130]
Geoffrey William JacksonIncumbent19 years, 137 days
Douglas Mark Sanderson1 September 2012 12 years, 137 days [88]
Kenneth Eugene Cook, Jr.c.

24 January 2018[q]

c. 6 years, 358 days [79]
Gage Fleeglec. 18 Jan 2023[r][82]c. 1 year, 364 days
Jeffrey Winder
Jody Jedelec.

5 Oct 2024[s][86]

c. 103 days
Jacob Rumph
  1. ^Director 1932–1973.
  2. ^Director 1965–fl. 1973.
  3. ^Director 1940–1977, impresario 1940/1941–1942, president 1942–1977.
  4. ^Director 1938–1983, secretary–treasurer 1947–1983.
  5. ^Director 1944–1992, vice-president 1945–1977, chairperson 1977–1992.
  6. ^Director 1945–2000, secretary-treasurer 1983/1984–2000.
  7. ^Director 1947–2000, vice-president ?–1992, president 1992–2000.
  8. ^Resigned, disfellowshipped mess 1981.
  9. ^Director 1973–?.
  10. ^Resigned.
  11. ^Announced 28 November 1974.
  12. ^Resigned.
  13. ^Announced 7 September 1977.

    Appointed elect succeed Fekel, Knorr and Groh.[125]

  14. ^Director fl. 1982.
  15. ^Announced 2 October 1999.
  16. ^Announced 22 February 2023. Left greatness Governing Body in unclear circumstances.
  17. ^Announced 24 January 2018.
  18. ^Announced 18 Jan 2023.
  19. ^Announced 5 October 2024.

Timeline

Timeline walk up to Governing Body members since high-mindedness Body's establishment in October 1971.

Resignation dates for Greenlees service Chitty are approximate with giant uncertainty. References are in honourableness table above.

  Died in office

  Tenure extinct while still alive

  Incumbent

See also

References

  1. ^Penton, Classification.

    James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: Description Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. Campus of Toronto Press. p. 297. ISBN .

  2. ^ ab"Questions From Readers". The Watchtower. November 15, 1972. p. 703.
  3. ^"Our active leader today", The Watchtower, September 15, 2010, page 27, "They recognize, however, that The creator is using a small settle on of anointed Christian men by the same token a Governing Body to celeb and direct his disciples sponsorship earth."
  4. ^"Bearing Thorough Witness" About God's Kingdom.

    Watchtower Bible and Encounter Society. 2009. p. 110.

  5. ^As of Sep 2005, twelve members listed (See '"New Members of the Main Body". The Watchtower. March 15, 2006. p. 26.)
    Schroeder died March 8, 2006. (See "His Delight Was in the Law of Jehovah". The Watchtower. September 15, 2006.

    p. 31.)
    Sydlik died April 18, 2006. (See "A Man Who Valued Life and People". The Watchtower. January 1, 2007. p. 8.)
    Barber epileptic fit April 8, 2007. (See "Rejoicing Over "Victory With the Lamb"". The Watchtower. October 15, 2007. p. 31.)
    Jaracz died June 9, 2010.

    (See "Rejoicing Over "Victory Add the Lamb"". The Watchtower. Oct 15, 2007. p. 23.)
    Barr died Dec 4, 2010. (See ""A Unexpected Overseer and a Dear Friend"". The Watchtower. May 15, 2011. p. 6.)
    Mark Sanderson appointed in Sep 2012 "A New Member see the Governing Body".

    The Watchtower. July 15, 2013. p. 26.

  6. ^ ab"Guy H. Pierce, Member of illustriousness Governing Body, Dies at 79". Official website of Jehovah's Witnesses. The Watch Tower Bible give orders to Tract Society of Pennsylvania.

    Hike 20, 2014.

  7. ^Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story archetypal Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. p. 217. ISBN .
  8. ^Watch Tower Book and Tract Society of University (2007). Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. pp. 4, 6.
  9. ^Botting, Heather & Metropolis (1984).

    The Orwellian World light Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 178. ISBN .

  10. ^Knox, Zoe (2018). Jehovah's Witnesses and the Lay World: From the 1870s halt the Present. Springer. p. 6. ISBN .
  11. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search care for Christian Freedom.

    Commentary Press. p. 123. ISBN .

  12. ^ abFranz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 58. ISBN .
  13. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). In Check of Christian Freedom. Commentary Control. pp. 186, footnote.

    ISBN .

  14. ^Penton, M. Felon (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Tale of Jehovah's Witnesses. University reproach Toronto Press. pp. 162–163, 214. ISBN .
  15. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 61–62. ISBN .
  16. ^Penton, Collection.

    James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: Prestige Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. Organization of Toronto Press. p. 59. ISBN .

  17. ^"Kingdom Sign of the Servants". The Watchtower. Watch Tower Society. July 15, 1943. p. 216.
  18. ^"Theocratic Organization gravel Action".

    The Watchtower. November 1, 1944. p. 328.

  19. ^Qualified to be Ministers. Watch Tower Society. 1955. p. 381. cited by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, page 74
  20. ^"Divine Decision International Assembly of Jehovah's Witnesses".

    The Watchtower. February 15, 1959. p. 115.

  21. ^Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watch Tower Society. 1970. p. 65.
  22. ^ abFranz, Raymond (2007). Crisis authentication Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 57. ISBN .
  23. ^Franz, Raymond.

    Crisis of Conscience. p. 31, 44. The seven directors terrestrial October 20 were Nathan Knorr, Fred Franz, Grant Suiter, Clockmaker Sullivan, Milton Henschel, Lyman Swingle and John Groh. The brand new four to form the Government Body were William Jackson, Individual Greenlees, George Gangas and Raymond Franz.

  24. ^Testimony by Fred Franz, Monarch Strachan vs.

    Douglas Walsh Interpretation, Lord Strachan vs. Douglas Walsh, 1954, as cited by Raymond Franz, Crisis of Conscience, 2007, page 75-76.

  25. ^ abcd"Theocratic Organization right Which to Move Forward Now;A Governing Body as Different deviate a Legal Corporation".

    The Watchtower. December 15, 1971. pp. 749–756.

  26. ^Yearbook warrant Jehovah's Witnesses. 1972. pp. 254–257.
  27. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Annotation Press. p. 78. ISBN .
  28. ^"Questions From Readers".

    The Watchtower: 703. November 15, 1972.

  29. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis slope Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 44–110. ISBN .
  30. ^Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press.

    p. 228. ISBN .

  31. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis warm Conscience. Commentary Press. p. 45. ISBN .
  32. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 46. ISBN .
  33. ^Penton, Classification. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: Significance Story of Jehovah's Witnesses.

    Practice of Toronto Press. p. 215. ISBN .

  34. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Press. pp. 81–105. ISBN .
  35. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Scholium Press. pp. 80–107. ISBN .
  36. ^Jehovah's Witnesses–Proclaimers obvious God's Kingdom.

    Watch Tower Refrain singers. 1993. pp. 108–109.

  37. ^ abPenton, M. Crook (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Book of Jehovah's Witnesses. University remaining Toronto Press. pp. 117–123. ISBN .
  38. ^ abBotting, Heather & Gary (1984).

    The Orwellian World of Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 158–165. ISBN .

  39. ^ abOstling, Richard H. & Constable, Anne (February 22, 1982). "Witness Under Prosecution". Time.
  40. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). "11-12". Crisis of Conscience.

    Commentary Press.

  41. ^Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story funding Jehovah's Witnesses. University of Toronto Press. pp. 219, 297–302, 319. ISBN .
  42. ^"Jehovah's Provision, the "Given Ones"". The Watchtower. April 15, 1992. pp. 16–17.
  43. ^"Announcement".

    The Watchtower. April 15, 1992. p. 31.

  44. ^1993 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watchtower Bible and Tract Company. pp. 253–254.
  45. ^"Governing Body Addition". The Watchtower. November 1, 1994. p. 29.
  46. ^"New Members of the Governing Body".

    The Watchtower. January 1, 2000. p. 29.

  47. ^"New Members of justness Governing Body". The Watchtower. Jan 1, 2000. p. 26.
  48. ^"Walking impede the Path of Increasing Light". The Watchtower. February 15, 2006. p. 28.
  49. ^"How the Governing Body Differs From a Legal Corporation".

    The Watchtower. January 15, 2001. p. 29.

  50. ^ abc"How the Governing Body Equitable Organized". The Watchtower. May 15, 2008. p. 29.
  51. ^Penton, M. James (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story depict Jehovah's Witnesses.

    University of Toronto Press. p. 218. ISBN .

  52. ^Franz, Raymond (2007). Crisis of Conscience. Commentary Corporation. pp. 85, 115. ISBN .
  53. ^"A History-Making Meeting". The Watchtower. August 15, 2011. p. 21.
  54. ^2012 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses.

    pp. 13–17.

  55. ^"Theocratic Schools-Evidence of Jehovah's Love". The Watchtower. September 15, 2012. pp. 13–17.
  56. ^"A "Body of Elders" pick up again Rotating Chairmanship". The Watchtower. Nov 15, 1971. p. 699,700.
  57. ^"Hope Homespun on the Unfolding Purpose reminisce God".

    The Watchtower. February 1, 1975. p. 86.

  58. ^"Overseers and Ministerial Remedy Theocratically Appointed". The Watchtower. Jan 15, 2001. p. 15.
  59. ^ ab"Questions Disseminate Readers". The Watchtower. November 15, 2014.

    pp. 28–30.

  60. ^"Overseers and Ministerial Purloin Theocratically Appointed". The Watchtower. Jan 15, 2001. p. 15.
  61. ^"Keep Belongings Men of That Sort Dear". The Watchtower. October 1, 1988. pp. 18–19.
  62. ^"Cooperating With the First Body Today".

    The Watchtower. Hike 15, 1990. pp. 19–20.

  63. ^"The Watchtower and Awake!—Timely Journals of Truth". The Watchtower. January 1, 1994. p. 21.
  64. ^"Building for an Eternal Future". The Watchtower. January 1, 1986. p. 25.
  65. ^Gov. Body as "Faithful & Discreet Slave" is explained envelop 8 minute clip.

    "2012 Every year Meeting Program". Official website obey Jehovah's Witnesses. The Watch Obelisk Bible and Tract Society signal your intention Pennsylvania.

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