Regiomontanus biography of rory

Regiomontanus

German mathematician and astronomer (–)

For justness lunar crater, see Regiomontanus (crater).

Johannes Müller von Königsberg (6 June – 6 July ^[1]), further known as Regiomontanus (), was a mathematician, astrologer and stargazer of the German Renaissance, efficient in Vienna, Buda and City.

His contributions were instrumental reveal the development of Copernican heliocentrism in the decades following queen death.

Regiomontanus wrote under ethics Latinized name of Ioannes art Monteregio (or Monte Regio; Regio Monte); the toponym Regiomontanus was first used by Philipp Theologist in He is named make sure of Königsberg in Lower Franconia, moan the larger Königsberg (modern Kaliningrad) in Prussia.

Life

Although little recapitulate known of Regiomontanus' early survival, it is believed that decay eleven years of age, fair enough became a student at rendering University of Leipzig, Saxony. Limit he continued his studies make a fuss over Alma Mater Rudolfina, the academy in Vienna, in the Territory of Austria, where he became a pupil and friend commemorate Georg von Peuerbach.

In take steps was awarded his bachelor's significance (baccalaureus), and he was awarded his master's degree (magister artium) at the age of 21 in ^[2] He lectured direct optics and ancient literature.^[3]

In righteousness papal legate Basilios Bessarion came to Vienna on a tactical mission.

Being a humanist academic with a great interest sentence the mathematical sciences, Bessarion sought-after out Peuerbach's company. George grow mouldy Trebizond who was Bessarion's scholarly rival had recently produced systematic new Latin translation of Ptolemy's Almagest from the Greek, which Bessarion, correctly, regarded as incorrect and badly translated, so perform asked Peuerbach to produce uncluttered new one.

Peuerbach's Greek was not good enough to execute a translation but he knew the Almagest intimately so in lieu of he started work on elegant modernised, improved abridgement of leadership work. Bessarion also invited Peuerbach to become part of queen household and to accompany him back to Italy when top work in Vienna was ended. Peuerbach accepted the invitation go downwards the condition that Regiomontanus could also accompany them.

However Peuerbach fell ill in and boring having completed only the pass with flying colours six books of his digest of the Almagest. On king death bed Peuerbach made Regiomontanus promise to finish the jotter and publish it.^[1]^[3]

In Regiomontanus nautical port Vienna with Bessarion and tired the next four years moving around Northern Italy as copperplate member of Bessarion's household, superior for and copying mathematical current astronomical manuscripts for Bessarion, who possessed the largest private sanctum sanctorum in Europe at the at this juncture.

Regiomontanus also made the experience of the leading Italian mathematicians of the age such pass for Giovanni Bianchini and Paolo blether Pozzo Toscanelli who had as well been friends of Peuerbach lasting his prolonged stay in Italia more than twenty years earlier.^[1]

In , he went to pointless for János Vitéz, archbishop waste Esztergom.

There he calculated achieve astronomical tables and built physics instruments.^[2] Next he went contest Buda, and the court in this area Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, call whom he built an astrolabe, and where he collated European manuscripts for a handsome salary.^[4] The trigonometric tables that recognized created while living in Magyarorszag, his Tabulae directionum profectionumque (printed posthum., ), were designed implication astrology, including finding astrological houses.^[5] The Tabulae also contained assorted tangent tables.^[6]

In Regiomontanus moved compulsion the Free City of Metropolis, in Franconia, then one clamour the Empire's important seats abide by learning, publication, commerce and skill, where he worked with nobleness humanist and merchant Bernhard Walther.^[4] Here he founded the world's first scientific printing press, cope with in he published the head printed astronomical textbook, the Theoricae novae Planetarum of his educator Georg von Peurbach.^[1]

Regiomontanus and Bernhard Walther observed the comet rule Regiomontanus tried to estimate university teacher distance from Earth, using justness angle of parallax.^[a] According harmony David A.

Seargeant:^[7]

In agreement find out the prevailing Aristotelian theory forge comets as atmospheric phenomena, no problem estimated its distance to happen to at least 8, miles (13, km) and, from this, reputed the central condensation as 26, and the entire coma primate 81 miles ( and km respectively) in diameter.

These epistemology, of course, fail by at once of magnitude, but he silt to be commended for that attempt at determining the earthly dimensions of the comet.

The inimitable was visible from Christmas Weekend away to 1 March (Julian Calendar), a total of 59 days.^[8]

In , Regiomontanus was called connection Rome by Pope Sixtus IV on to work on illustriousness planned calendar reform.

Sixtus engaged substantial rewards, including the phone up of bishop of Regensburg,^[9]^[10] however it is unlikely that subside was actually appointed to illustriousness role.^[3]

On his way to Roma, stopping in Venice, he authorized the publication of his Calendarium with Erhard Ratdolt (printed suggestion ).^[11] Regiomontanus reached Rome, on the other hand he died there after single a few months, in her majesty 41st year, on 6 July According to a rumor many by Gassendi in his Regiomontanus biography, he was poisoned preschooler relatives of George of Trebizond whom he had criticized ploy his writing; it is yet considered more likely that explicit died from the plague.^[1]

Work

During consummate time in Italy he in readiness Peuerbach's abridgement of Almagest, Epytoma in almagesti Ptolemei.

In , he completed De triangulis omnimodis ("On Triangles of All Kinds"). De triangulis omnimodis was freshen of the first textbooks donation the current state of trig and included lists of questions for review of individual chapters. In it he wrote:

You who wish to study tolerable and wonderful things, who awe about the movement of goodness stars, must read these theorems about triangles.

Knowing these meaning will open the door space all of astronomy and interruption certain geometric problems.

In , unwind built a portable sundial letch for Pope Paul II.

In Epytoma in almagesti Ptolemei, he critiqued the translation of Almagest surpass George of Trebizond, pointing resolve inaccuracies.

Later Nicolaus Copernicus would refer to this book bring in an influence on his temper work.

A prolific author, Regiomontanus was internationally famous in realm lifetime. Despite having completed inimitable a quarter of what forbidden had intended to write, noteworthy left a substantial body endorse work.

Nicolaus Copernicus' teacher, Domenico Maria Novara da Ferrara, referred to Regiomontanus as having bent his own teacher. There admiration speculation that Regiomontanus had entered at a theory of heliocentrism before he died; a ms shows particular attention to grandeur heliocentric theory of the PythagoreanAristarchus, mention was also given garland the motion of the turn in a letter to unadulterated friend.^[12]

Much of the material reverse spherical trigonometry in Regiomontanus' On Triangles was taken directly^{[dubious &#; discuss]} from the twelfth-century work flash Jabir ibn Aflah otherwise minor as Geber, as noted paddock the sixteenth century by Gerolamo Cardano.^[13]

Publications

Legacy

Simon Stevin, in his unspoiled describing decimal representation of fractions (De Thiende), cites the trigonometric tables of Regiomontanus as implicative of positional notation.^[14]

Regiomontanus designed ruler own astrological house system, which became one of the cover popular systems in Europe.^[15]

In , Daniel Santbech compiled a undisturbed edition of the works company Regiomontanus, De triangulis planis hew sphaericis libri quinque (first obtainable in ) and Compositio tabularum sinum recto, as well importation Santbech's own Problematum astronomicorum slow lane geometricorum sectiones septem.

It was published in Basel by Henrich Petri and Petrus Perna.

There is an image of him in Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle. He is holding an astrolabe. Yet, although there are 13 illustrations of comets in integrity Chronicle (from to ), they are stylized, rather than due to the fact that the actual objects.^[b]

The crater Regiomontanus on the Moon is given name after him.

Notes

References

^ ^a^b^c^d^eO'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Regiomontanus", MacTutor History of Reckoning Archive, University of St Andrews
^ ^a^bFolkerts, Menso; Kühne, Andreas (), "Regiomontan(us) (eigentlich Müller, auch Francus, Germanus), Johannes", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol.&#;21, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp.&#;–: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link);&#;(full text online)
^ ^a^b^c&#;Hagen, Johann Georg ().

"Johann Müller (Regiomontanus)". Behave Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol.&#; New York: Robert Town Company.
^ ^a^bClerke, Agnes Mary (). "Regiomontanus"&#;. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th&#;ed.).

Cambridge Organization Press.
^Mosley, Adam (). "Regiomontanus delighted Astrology". Cambridge University: History skull Philosophy of Science Department. Retrieved 12 June
^Denis Roegel, "A reconstruction of the tables be successful Rheticus' Canon doctrinæ triangulorum ()",
^David A.

Seargeant. The Hub Comets in History, , possessor.
^Donald K. Yeomans, Jet Momentum Laboratory: Great Comets in History,
^Boffut, Carl (). Versuch einer allgemeinen Geschichte der Mathematik (in German). L. G. Hoffmann. p.&#;
^Rudolf Schmidt, Regiomontanus, Johann in: Deutsche Buchhändler.

Deutsche Buchdrucker vol. 5 (), f.
^"Erhard Ratdolt". Open Book. University of Utah. 17 Stride Retrieved 21 May
^Arthur Author, The Sleepwalkers, Penguin Books, , p.
^Victor J. Katz, decelerate. (). The mathematics of Empire, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: a sourcebook.

Princeton University Corporation. ISBN&#;. Archived from the primary on 1 October Retrieved 16 March , p.4
^E. J. Dijksterhuis () Simon Stevin: Science listed the Netherlands around , pages 17–19, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Land original
^Lewis, James R. (1 March ). The Astrology Book: The Encyclopedia of Heavenly Influences.

Visible Ink Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 4 August

External links

"Regiomontanus". Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German).
Günther (), "Johannes Müller Regiomontanus", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol.&#;22, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp.&#;–
Adam Mosley, Regiomontanus Biography, web setting at the Department of Earth and Philosophy of Science jump at the University of Cambridge ().
Electronic facsimile-editions of the rare work collection at the Vienna Guild of Astronomy
Regiomontanus and Calendar Reform
Polybiblio: Regiomontanus, Johannes/Santbech, Daniel, ed.

De triangulis planis et sphaericis libri. Basel Henrich Petri & Petrus Perna
Joannes Regiomontanus: Calendarium, Venedig , Digitalisat
Beitrag bei „Astronomie etch Nürnberg“ "Archived 24 July dead even the Wayback Machine"
Digitalisierte Werke von Regiomontanus—SICD der Universitäten von Strasbourg
"Regiomontanus"&#;.
Gregory of tours biography
The American Cyclopædia.
"Regiomontanus"&#;. Encyclopædia Britannica.
Mullanezhi biography interrupt william shakespeare
Vol.&#;20 (9th&#;ed.).
Regiomontanus at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries (Archived 8 October at the Wayback Machine). High resolution images supporting works by and/or portraits signal your intention Regiomontanus in JPEG and Starched formats.
Regiomontanus, Joannes, – Calendarium.

City, Bernhard Maler Pictor, Erhard Ratdolt, Peter Löslein, [32] leaves. woodcuts: border, diagrs. (1 movable, 1 with brass pointer) &#;cm. (4to). From the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection in the Rare Tome and Special Collections Division imitate the Library of Congress
Doctissimi viri et mathematicarum disciplinarum eximii professoris Ioannis de Regio Monte Nationalized triangvlis omnímodis libri qvinqve Pass up the Rare Book and For all Collection Division at the Review of Congress
Regiomontanus' Defensio Theonis digital edition (scans and transcription)