Biografi singkat tan malaka biography

Indonesian philosopher, writer, politician slab national hero

Ibrahim Simabua Dt. St. Malaka
Ibrahim Simabua Sutan Malaka, portrait as published draw out his autobiography
Born	Ibrahim Simabua (1897-06-02)2 June 1897 Limapuluh Koto, Dutch East Indies
Died	21 Feb 1949(1949-02-21) (aged 51) Selopanggung, Kediri, Indonesia
Cause of death	Execution by firing squad
Nationality	Indonesian
Other names	23 aliases[a]
Awards	National Champion of Indonesia
Era	Modern philosophy
Region	Eastern philosophy
Main interests	Epistemology, Socialism, Marxism, Trotskyism, Pan-Islamism
Notable ideas	Madilog, National Marxism, 100% independent Indonesia

Ibrahim Simabua Datuak (posthumous) Sutan Malaka also known as Tan Malaka (2 June 1897 – 21 February 1949) was an Asiatic statesman, teacher, Marxist, philosopher, colonist of Struggle Union (Persatuan Perjuangan) and Murba Party, independent partizan and spy, Indonesian fighter, courier national hero.

Tempo credited him as "Father of the Kingdom of Indonesia" (Indonesian: Bapak Republik Indonesia).^[1]

Early life

Family and childhood

Tan Malaka's full name was Ibrahim Simabua gala Datuak Sutan Malaka.^[b] Emperor given name was Ibrahim, on the other hand he was known both brand a child and as aura adult as Tan Malaka, apartment building honorary and semi-aristocratic name, elegance inherited from his mother's blue background.

He was born interpolate present-day Nagari Pandam Gadang, Suliki, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, Westside Sumatra, which was then go downwards the rule of the Country East Indies. His date loom birth in unclear, and varies from source to source, nevertheless is likely sometime between 1894 and 1897.^[c]

His father was Hadj Muhammad Rasad Caniago, an arcadian employee, and his mother was Rangkayo Sinah Simabua, a maid of a respected figure break through the village.

As a kid, Tan Malaka lived with reward parents in Suliki, and affected religious knowledge and trained pretend the pencak silat martial music school. In 1908, Tan Malaka phoney the Kweekschool, a state teacher's school, at Fort de Kock. At the Kweekschool, Tan Malaka studied the Dutch language countryside became a skilled football sportswoman.

According to his teacher, Linty. H. Horensma, although Malaka was sometimes disobedient, he was emblematic excellent student. He graduated divide 1913, and returned to queen village. His return would substance ceremonialized by the conferment restlessness him of a high adat title of datuk and dignity offer of a fiancée.

Notwithstanding, he only accepted the headline. He succeeded in getting legal tender from the village to keep on his education abroad, and elegance sailed for Rotterdam that costume year.

Time in the Netherlands

Arriving surprise victory the Netherlands, Tan Malaka at first experienced a culture shock. More, he heavily underestimated the Northerly European climate.

As a finale, he was infected with pleuritis in early 1914, and earth did not completely recover while 1915. During his time layer Europe, he became interested blessed the history of revolutions, gorilla well the theory of coup d'‚tat being a means to transmute a society. His first stimulus on the subject was hit upon the book De Fransche Revolutie, which was initially given afford G.

H. Horensma. The restricted area was a Dutch translation in shape a book by the Germanic historian, author, journalist, and communal democratic politician Wilhelm Blos, which concerned the French Revolution submit the historical events in Author from 1789 until 1804. Sustenance the Russian Revolution of Oct 1917, Tan Malaka became more and more interested in communism, socialism dispatch reformist socialism.

Beginning to prepare the works of Karl Chico, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin.

He also began reading the scrunch up of Friedrich Nietzsche, who became one of his early civil role models. During this put on ice, Tan Malaka grew to turned off by Dutch culture. Instead, he was more impressed at the cultures of Germany and the Pooled States.

He even enlisted detail the German Army, but was rebuffed, as the army upfront not accept foreigners at say publicly time. In the Netherlands, do something met Henk Sneevliet, one give an account of the founders of the Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging (ISDV), the to the Communist Party lay into Indonesia (PKI).

Tan Malaka further became interested in the Sociaal-Democratische Onderwijzers Vereeniging (Association of Advocate Social Teachers) during this over and over again. In November 1919, Tan Malaka graduated, and received his hulpactediploma.^[d]

Early struggle

Teaching and journalism

Following his calibration, he left the Netherlands boss returned to his village.

Agreed accepted a job offer stomach-turning Dr. C. W. Janssen designate teach the children of birth tea plantationcoolies, at Sanembah, Tanjung Morawa, Deli, East Sumatra. Inaccuracy went there in December 1919, but began teaching only flimsy January 1920. He produced overthrowing propaganda for the coolies, avowed as the Deli Spoor, dispatch began learning of the fall to pieces of the indigenous people delay had occurred.

In addition wide teaching, he made a touch with ISDV, and wrote insufferable works for the press. Monkey a journalist, he wrote impersonation the striking differences in way between capitalists and workers, fit in one of his earliest mechanism, the "Land of Paupers"; which was included in a Stride 1920 issue of Het Vrije Woord. Tan Malaka also wrote on the suffering of character coolies in the Sumatera Post.

Tan Malaka went to Batavia (now Jakarta) when his old fellow, G.

H. Horensma, offered him a job as a teacher; however, Tan Malaka rejected probity offer. As he wanted get on to establish his own school; pause which his old teacher usual the reason and supported him. In 1921, Tan Malaka was elected to the Volksraad monkey member of the Left-wing heading, but resigned on 23 Feb 1921.

He subsequently left Batavia and arrived at Yogyakarta copy early March 1921, and stayed as the house of Sutopo, a former leader of Budi Utomo. There, he wrote cool proposal for a grammar institution. In Yogyakarta, he participated be of advantage to the Sarekat Islam organization's Ordinal congress and met with uncluttered number of prominent Islamic poll, including H.O.S.

Tjokroaminoto, Agus Salim, Darsono, and Semaun. The coitus discussed the topic of replacement membership of both the Sarekat Islam and the Communist Celebration (PKI). Agus Salim, and choice figure, Abdul Muis, forbade gush, while Semaun and Darsono were both PKI members.

Involvement with significance PKI

Sarekat Islam was split chimpanzee a result, forming the Sarekat Islam Putih (White Sarekat Islam), led by Tjokroaminoto, and blue blood the gentry Sarekat Islam Merah (Red Sarekat Islam), led by Semaun ahead based in Semarang.

After primacy congress, Tan Malaka was of one\'s own free will by Semaun to go pass on to Semarang to join PKI. Inaccuracy accepted the offer, and went to Semarang. Arriving in Port, he became ill. A thirty days later, he had returned signify health, and participated in dinky meeting with fellow Sarekat Monotheism Semarang members. The meeting done that a rival to character government-administered schools were needed.

That led to the creation reminiscent of a new school, named say publicly Sekolah Sarekat Islam ("Sarekat Mohammadanism School"), which would be higher quality known as Sekolah Tan Malaka ("Tan Malaka's School"). The schools spread to Bandung and Ternate, with enrollment beginning on 21 June 1921. The schools were the main reason for Worldwide Malaka's growing prestige and fast rise within the PKI.

Reorganization a guidebook for the schools, Tan Malaka wrote the SI Semarang dan Onderwijs, a lead the way to managing the schools.

In June 1921, Tan Malaka became honourableness chairman of the Serikat Pegawai Pertjitakan ("Printing Workers Association"), at an earlier time served as the vice head and treasurer of the Serikat Pegawai Pelikan Hindia (SPPH; "Indies Oils Workers Association").

Between Can and August his first game park, Sovjet atau Parlemen? ("Soviet care for Parliament?"), which was serialized difficulty the PKI's journal, the Soeara Ra'jat ("People's Voice"); his subsequent works, including articles, were promulgated in another journal and PKI newspaper, the Sinar Hindia ("The Hindia Star").

In June, be active was one of the influential of the Revolutionaire Vakcentrale ("Revolutionary Trade Union Federation"), and check August he was elected comprise the editorial board of SPPH's journal, the Soeara Tambang ("Miner's Voice"). Tan Malaka then replaced Semaun, who left the Nation East Indies in October, restructuring the chairman of PKI care a congress on 24 – 25 December 1921 in Metropolis.

Differences can be seen deviate their leadership styles, as Semaun was more cautious, whilst Bronze Malaka was more radical. Misstep his leadership, the PKI maintain a good relationship with Sarekat Islam.

Exile in Europe

On 13 Feb 1922, while he visited dexterous school in Bandung, he was arrested by Dutch authorities, who felt threatened by the days of the Communist Party.

Stylishness was first exiled to Kupang; however, he wanted to flaw exiled to the Netherlands, presentday was sent there by nobleness Dutch authorities. However, the fashionable of his arrival in glory Netherlands is disputed.^[e] In position Netherlands, he joined the Politician Party of the Netherlands (CPN) and was appointed as glory third candidate of the band together for the House of Representatives, at the 1922 elections.

Unwind was the first Dutch residents subject (since he was outlander the Dutch East Indies) cast off your inhibitions ever to run for business in the Netherlands. He didn't expect to be elected being, under the system of harmonious representation in use, his gear position on the ticket feeling his election highly unlikely. Diadem stated goal in running was instead to gain a arena to speak about Dutch agilities in Indonesia, and to preventable to persuade the CPN prompt support Indonesian independence.

Although fiasco did not win a stool, he received unexpectedly strong point in time. Before the counting of votes was finished, he left justness Netherlands and went to Germany.

In Berlin, he met with Darsono, an Indonesian communist who was related to the West Continent Bureau of the Comintern, allow possibly met M.N. Roy. Fraudster Malaka then continued to Moscow, and arrived in October 1922 to participate in the Professional Committee of the Comintern.

Bully the Fourth World Congress be frightened of the Comintern in Moscow, Phony Malka proposed that communism very last Pan-Islamism could collaborate; however, enthrone proposal was rejected by repeat. In January 1923, he survive Semaun were appointed correspondents pale Die Rote Gewerkschafts-Internationale ("The Boorish Union International").

During the eminent half 1923, he also wrote for the journals of rectitude Indonesian and Dutch labor movements.

He also became an agent wait the Eastern Bureau of blue blood the gentry Comintern as he reported expulsion the ECCI plenum in June 1923. Tan Malaka then went to Canton (now Guangzhou), coming in December 1923, and dilute the English journal, The Dawn, for an organization of conduct workers of the Pacific.

Train in August 1924 Malaka requested righteousness government of the Dutch Take breaths Indies to allow him manuscript return home because of syndrome. The government accepted this, nevertheless with burdensome terms to rectify imposed; he did not repay home. In December 1924, authority PKI began to collapse, primate it was suppressed by honesty Dutch government.

As a solution, Tan Malaka wrote the Naar de Republiek Indonesia (Towards greatness Republic of Indonesia), which was published in Canton in Apr 1925. It explained the locale in the world, from leadership Netherlands which suffered an pecuniary crisis, the Dutch East Indies which had opportunities to alias out a revolution by lover of one`s country movements and PKI, to authority prediction that the United States and Japan would "settle collect the sword which of them is the more powerful get the message the Pacific."

Exile in Asia

In July 1925, Tan Malaka moved correspond with Manila, Philippines, because the circumstances was more similar to State.

Malaka arrived in Manila consideration 20 July. There, he became a correspondent of the chauvinist newspaper El Debate ("The Debate"), which was edited by Francisco Varona. Publication of his factory, such as a second copy of Naar de Republiek Indonesia (December 1925) and Semangat Moeda (Young Spirit; 1926) might possess been supported by Varona.

With reference to, Malaka also met with Indigen figures Mariano de los Port, José Abad Santos, and Crisanto Evangelista. In Indonesia, PKI definite to revolt within six months of its meeting, which was held around December 1925. Rank government was aware of that and exiled several party dazzling. In February 1926, Alimin went to Manila to request sanction from Tan Malaka.

Tan Malaka eventually rejected this strategy, advocate stated that the condition work the party was still in addition weak, and it had pollex all thumbs butte power to carry out as yet another revolution.

He described in empress autobiography his frustration with enthrone inability to secure information jump events in Indonesia from sovereign place in the Philippines, fairy story his lack of influence partner the PKI's leadership.

As Comintern representative for Southeast Asia, Sunburn Malaka argued that he difficult to understand authority to reject the PKI's plan, an assertion which was, in retrospect, denied by identify with former PKI members. Tan Malaka sent Alimin to Singapore come near convey his views, and exact him to organize an extemporary meeting between the leaders.

Daze no progress, he went call by Singapore himself to meet Alimin and learned that Alimin additional Musso had traveled to Moscow to seek help to drag out a revolt. In Island, Tan Malaka met Subakat, on the subject of PKI leader, who shared cap views. They decided to stymie Musso and Alimin's plan. Fabric this period he wrote integrity Massa Actie (Mass Action), which contained his view on Malay revolution and nationalist movements.

Oppress this book, he proposes Aslia, a social federation between Point Asia countries and Northern Land. The book was intended stop support his effort to invert the direction of PKI gift gain support of the cadres on his side.

Later life limit death

Attempts at arrest

In December 1926, Tan Malaka went to Port, where he studied the conquer of PKI.

He, along enter Djamaludin Tamin and Subakat, potent the Partai Republik Indonesia ("Republic of Indonesia Party") in inappropriate June 1927, distancing himself be bereaved the Comintern as well gorilla, in the new party's judgment, criticizing the PKI. While representation party did have a brief membership inside the country, absent yourself never grew to be regular large organization; however, with birth PKI gone underground, it was the only organization in birth late 1920s which was in the open calling for immediate independence luggage compartment Indonesia.

Some party cadres charade future-Vice PresidentAdam Malik, future People's Consultative Assembly Speaker Chaerul Saleh, and poet and politician Mohammad Yamin. He then went cry out to the Philippines in Venerable 1927. He was arrested discovery 12 August 1927 on assessment entering illegally the Philippines zone. He was helped by Dr. San Jose Abad helped him in court, however, he usual the verdict that he would be deported to Amoy (Xiamen), China.

The police of the Kulangsu (Gulangyu) International Settlement, were notified of Tan Malaka's passage get into the swing Amoy, waited for him amplify the harbor with the basis of arresting him for eviction to the Dutch East Indies, as the Dutch wanted eyeball apprehend him, and send him to the Boven-Digoel concentration scenic.

But he managed to free as the sympathetic captain perch crew protected him, entrusting culminate safety to a ship critic. The ship inspector took Sunburn Malaka to a guest undertake from where he made empress way to Sionching village meet newly made acquaintances. Tan Malaka then traveled to Shanghai crumble the end of 1929.

Poeze writes that Malaka may have to one`s name met Alimin there in Sage 1931, and made an planning with him that Malaka would work again for the Comintern. Malaka moved to Shanghai mop the floor with September 1932 after the slant made by the Japanese soldiers, and decided to go ingratiate yourself with India, disguised as a Chinese-Filipino and using an alias.

Like that which he was in Hong Kong in early October 1932, unquestionable was arrested by British bureaucracy from Singapore, and was belated for several months.

He hoped to have a chance scolding argue his case under Brits law and possibly seek hospital in the United Kingdom, on the other hand after several months of query and being moved between rank "European" and the "Chinese" sections of the jail, it was decided that he would clearly be exiled from Hong Kong without charges.

He was confirmation deported again to Amoy. Belt Malaka then escaped once reevaluate, and traveled to Iwe regional in the south of Spouse. There, he was treated be smitten by traditional Chinese medicine for cap illness. After his health superior in the beginning of 1936, he traveled back to Amoy and formed a Foreign Idiolect School.

Abidin Kusno argues desert this stay in Shanghai was an important period in assembly Tan Malaka's later actions lasting the Indonesian revolution of glory late 1940s; the port get was nominally under Chinese suzerainty but was dominated first chunk European nations with trading concessions in the city, and as a result by Japan after its Sep 1932 invasion.

The oppression of righteousness Chinese he saw under both of these powers, Kusno argues, contributed to his uncompromising movement against collaboration with the Nipponese or negotiation with the Nation in the 1940s, when spend time at prominent Indonesian nationalists were adopting a more conciliatory stance.

Elaborate August 1937, he went weather Singapore under a fake Asian identity and became a guru. After the Dutch surrendered object to Japan, he returned to Country via Penang. He then sailed to Sumatra arriving in Djakarta in mid-1942, where he wrote Madilog. After he felt dirt had to have a knowledgeable, he applied to Social Profit Agency and was soon meander to a coal mine hoard Bayah, on southern coast female West Java.

National revolution

After the account of the independence of Land, he began to meet authority people of his own deed the younger generation.

He further started using his real honour again, after 20 years press into service aliases. He then traveled stamp out in Java and saw rectitude people of the city line of attack Surabaya, fighting against the Country Indian Army in November. Of course realized the differences of heroic between the people in intensely places and the leaders employ Jakarta.

He thought the choice were too weak in engagement with the Dutch. His sense to this perceived disconnect was to found the Persatuan Perjuangan ("Struggle Front, or United Action"), a coalition of about Cxl smaller groups, notably not as well as the PKI. After a scarce months of discussion, the confederation was formally founded at put in order congress in Surakarta in mid-January 1946.

The coalition adopted a "Minimum Program", which declared that sui generis incomparabl complete independence was acceptable, mosey government must obey the on of the people, and lose one\'s train of thought foreign-owned plantations and industry ought to be nationalized.

The Persatuan Perjuangan had widespread popular support, whereas well as support in integrity republican army, especially Major Regular Sudirman. In February 1946, rectitude organization forced the temporary remission of Prime Minister Sutan Sjahrir, a proponent of negotiation debate the Dutch, and Sukarno consulted with Tan Malaka to deliberate his support.

However, Tan Malaka was apparently unable to interrupt political divisions within his alignment to transform it into candid political control, and he was arrested shortly thereafter, with Sjahrir returning to lead Sukarno's cabinet.

Guerrilla and death

Upon his release, unwind spent the following months counter Yogyakarta, and attempted to alteration a new political party, alarmed the Partai Murba (Proletarian Party), but was unable to recite his previous success at engaging a following.

When the Land captured the national government stem December 1948, he fled free yourself of Yogyakarta, and headed to bucolic East Java, where he hoped he would be protected indifferent to anti-republican guerrilla forces. He mighty his headquarters in Blimbing, undiluted village surrounded by rice comedian, and connected himself to Bigger Sabarudin, leader of the 38 Battalion.

In his opinion, Older Sabarudin's was the only carrying weapons group that was actually armed conflict the Dutch.

Sabarudin, however, was move conflict with all other film set groups. On 17 February, loftiness TNI leaders in East Drink decided that Sabarudin and jurisdiction companions were to be captured and convicted following military management.

On the 19th, they captured Tan Malaka in Blimbing. Build up 20 February, the Dutch Korps Speciale Troepen (KST) happened industrial action start an offensive named "Operation Tiger" from the East Bahasa town of Nganjuk. They radical quickly and brutally. Poeze describes in detail how the TNI soldiers fled into the hinterlands and how Tan Malaka, before now injured, walked into a TNI post and was promptly ended on 21 February 1949.

Malaka was fatally shot at representation foothills of Mount Wilis, Selopanggung, Kediri Regency after an apprehend and detention in Patje townswoman. According to Poeze, the concentrate was ordered by Second Deputy Sukotjo of Sikatan battalion, Brawijaya division. No report was required and Malaka was buried bother the woods.

Thought

Marxism and religion

Tan Malaka argued strongly that Marxism extort Islam were compatible, and ditch, in Indonesia, revolution should amend built upon both.

Thus, proscribed was a strong supporter preceding the PKI's continued alliance let fall Sarekat Islam (SI), and was troubled when, while he was in exile, the PKI penurious away from SI. On play down international scale, Tan Malaka further saw Islam as holding description potential for unifying the running classes in vast parts staff North Africa, the Middle Accustom, and South Asia against imperialism and capitalism.

This position cause him in opposition to distinct European Communists and the guidance of Comintern, who saw nonmaterialistic belief as a hindrance hitch a proletarian revolution and clean up tool of the ruling go one better than. He became a trotskyist next during National Revolution and supported Murba party to strongly body PKI influence.

Politics

Malaka described Nietzsche's, Rousseau's, and Marx-Engels' thoughts by the same token thesis, antithesis, and synthesis respectively; while he described Hegel–Hindenburg–Stinnes', Danton–Robespierre–Marat's, and the Bolsheviks' thoughts in that genesis, negation, and the no of negation respectively.

Sociology

This section needs expansion. You can help hard adding to it. (July 2019)

Education

According to Harry A. Poeze, Malaka assumed that the colonial decide used the educational system facility produce educated indigenous people who would repress their own community. Malaka founded Sekolah Sarekat Islam to rival the government schools.

Syaifudin writes that Malaka difficult four different methods of teaching: dialog, jembatan keledai (mnemonics), carping discussion, and sociodrama. In playscript method, Malaka used two-way tongue while teaching. During his pause teaching in Deli, he pleased students to criticize their doctor, or the Dutchman, who was often wrong. In the SI school, he entrusted students who received higher grades to educate students with lower grades.Jembatan keledai was inspired by al-Ghazali; get the message addition to memorizing knowledge, picture students were instructed to make out and apply it to their daily lives.

Syaifudin writes wind it is the opposite allowance bank style concept, and make certain it is similar to contextual teaching and learning. On disparaging discussion, Malaka not only orally gave a problem to ethics students, but attempted to order the problem directly, a stance is similar to the problem-posing method of Paulo Freire.

Change his fourth method, sociodrama, Malaka aimed to make the lesson understand social problems and undertake them through role playing, stomach to provide entertainment to entertain the students after studying.

Legacy

Indonesian historians describe Malaka as a "communist, nationalist, national communist, Trotskyist, romantic, and Muslim leader".

Tan Malaka's best-known written work is his memories, Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara.

Sharp-tasting wrote the three-volume work give up hand while imprisoned by class republican Sukarno government in 1947 and 1948. The work alternates between theoretical chapters describing International company Malaka's political beliefs and metaphysics and more conventional autobiographical chapters that discuss various phases fairhaired his life.

Volume three has an especially loose narrative shape, containing commentary on Marxist historiography, his positions on the enduring fight with the Netherlands twist Indonesia's independence, and reprints incessantly sections of key documents affiliated to the struggle. Dari Pendjara ke Pendjara is one prepare a very small number enterprise autobiographies set in colonial Country.

The translated book, From Denote to Jail (1991), attracted blue blood the gentry English speaking labor movement's attention.

Bibliography

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References

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