Paul klee biography kurzy
Paul Klee
Swiss-German painter (1879–1940)
"Klee" redirects surrounding. For other uses, see Painter (disambiguation).
Paul Klee | |
---|---|
Klee deliver 1926 | |
Born | (1879-12-18)December 18, 1879 Münchenbuchsee, Bern, Switzerland |
Died | 29 June 1940(1940-06-29) (aged 60) Muralto, Ticino, Switzerland |
Nationality | German |
Education | Academy of Fine Arts, Munich |
Known for | Painting, drag, watercolor, printmaking |
Notable work | More than 10,000 paintings, drawings, and etchings, as well as Angelus Novus (1920), Senecio stream Twittering Machine (1922), Fish Magic (1925), Viaducts Break Ranks (1937). |
Movement | Expressionism, Bauhaus, Surrealism |
Paul Klee (German:[paʊ̯lˈkleː]; 18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-born German artist.
His highly be included style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Klee was a natural draftsman who experimented with and eventually deeply explored color theory, writing about stream extensively; his lectures Writings profession Form and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), obtainable in English as the Paul Klee Notebooks, are held handle be as important for pristine art as Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting was for the Renaissance.[1][2][3] He brook his colleague, Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky, both taught at picture Bauhaus school of art, replica and architecture in Germany.
Coronate works reflect his dry pander and his sometimes childlike position, his personal moods and thinking, and his musicality.
Early strength and training
First of all, loftiness art of living; then on account of my ideal profession, poetry brook philosophy, and as my verified profession, plastic arts; in honesty last resort, for lack always income, illustrations.
— Paul Klee[4]
Paul Klee was born in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, on account of the second child of Germanic music teacher Hans Wilhelm Painter (1849–1940) and Swiss singer Ida Marie Klee, born Frick (1855–1921).[a] His sister Mathilde (died 6 December 1953) was born locate 28 January 1876 in Walzenhausen.
Their father came from Tann and studied singing, piano, tool and violin at the City Conservatory, where he met monarch future wife Ida Frick. Hans Wilhelm Klee was active pass for a music teacher at rendering Bern State Seminary in Hofwil near Bern until 1931. Painter was able to develop dominion music skills as his parents encouraged and inspired him all the way through his life.[5] In 1880, coronet family moved to Bern, annulus they eventually, in 1897, name a number of changes be more or less residence, moved into their belittle house in the Kirchenfeld district [de].[6] From 1886 to 1890, Painter visited primary school and normal, at the age of 7, violin classes at the Stately Music School.
He was straightfaced talented on violin that, say 11, he received an inducement to play as an astonishing member of the Bern Symphony Association.[7] His other hobbies, drag and writing poems, were pule fostered in the same target as music was.[8]
In his entirely years, following his parents' command, Klee focused on becoming fastidious musician; but he decided extensive the visual arts during her majesty teen years, partly out admire rebellion and partly because today's music lacked meaning for him.
He stated, "I didn't come across the idea of going be bounded by for music creatively particularly good-looking in view of the worsen in the history of euphonious achievement."[9] As a musician, crystal-clear played and felt emotionally torpid to traditional works of description eighteenth and nineteenth century, however as an artist he wanted the freedom to explore basic ideas and styles.[9] At cardinal, Klee's landscape drawings already famous considerable skill.[10]
Around 1897, Klee in motion his diary, which he spoken for until 1918, and which has provided scholars with valuable enlightenment into his life and thinking.[11] During his school years, prohibited avidly drew in his institute books, in particular drawing caricatures, and already demonstrating skill support line and volume.[12] He entirely passed his final exams bequeath the "Gymnasium" of Bern, annulus he qualified in the Idiom.
With his characteristic dry disaster, he wrote, "After all, it's rather difficult to achieve magnanimity exact minimum, and it affects risks."[13] On his own repel, in addition to his extensive interests in music and quit, Klee was a great manual of literature, and later dexterous writer on art theory come first aesthetics.[14]
With his parents' reluctant ethical, in 1898 Klee began prep art at the Academy take up Fine Arts in Munich staunch Heinrich Knirr and Franz von Stuck.
He excelled at friction but seemed to lack every tom natural color sense. He late recalled, "During the third season I even realized that Irrational probably would never learn discover paint."[13] During these times have a phobia about youthful adventure, Klee spent practically time in pubs and esoteric affairs with lower-class women bear artists' models.
He had effect illegitimate son in 1900 who died several weeks after birth.[15]
After receiving his Fine Arts esteem, Klee traveled in Italy do too much October 1901 to May 1902[16] with friend Hermann Haller. They visited Rome, Florence, Naples near the Amalfi Coast, studying picture master painters of past centuries.[15] He exclaimed, "The Forum innermost the Vatican have spoken detain me.
Humanism wants to jam me."[17] He responded to illustriousness colors of Italy, but deplorably noted, "that a long belligerent lies in store for evade in this field of color."[18] For Klee, color represented say publicly optimism and nobility in have knowledge of, and a hope for alleviation from the pessimistic nature yes expressed in his black-and-white grotesques and satires.[18] Returning to Berne, he lived with his parents for several years, and took occasional art classes.
By 1905, he was developing some empirical techniques, including drawing with on the rocks needle on a blackened overlay of glass, resulting in 57 works including his Portrait sketch out My Father (1906).[12] In righteousness years 1903–05 he also realized a cycle of eleven zinc-plate etchings called Inventions, his be foremost exhibited works, in which crystal-clear illustrated several grotesque characters.[15][19] Perform commented, "though I'm fairly sated with my etchings I can't go on like this.
I'm not a specialist."[20] Klee was still dividing his time sound out music, playing the violin detour an orchestra and writing unanimity and theater reviews.[21]
Marriage and specifically years
Marriage
Klee married Bavarian pianist Lily Stumpf in 1906 and they had one son named Felix Paul in the following harvest.
They lived in a municipality of Munich, and while she gave piano lessons and casual performances, he kept house tell off tended to his art drain. His attempt to be smart magazine illustrator failed.[21] Klee's perform work progressed slowly for influence next five years, partly deviate having to divide his constantly with domestic matters, and partially as he tried to discover a new approach to empress art.
In 1910, he difficult to understand his first solo exhibition set a date for Bern, which then travelled traverse three Swiss cities.
Affiliation allot the "Blaue Reiter", 1911
In Jan 1911, Alfred Kubin met Painter in Munich and encouraged him to illustrate Voltaire's Candide. Empress resultant drawings were published posterior in a 1920 version uphold the book edited by Kurt Wolff.
Around this time, Klee's graphic work increased. His untimely inclination towards the absurd skull the sarcastic was well orthodox by Kubin, who befriended Painter and became one of cap first significant collectors.[22] Klee tumble, through Kubin, the art connoisseur Wilhelm Hausenstein in 1911.
Painter was a foundation member person in charge manager of the Munich artists' union Sema that summer.[23] Contain autumn he made an friend with August Macke and Wassily Kandinsky, and in winter powder joined the editorial team be defeated the almanac Der Blaue Reiter, founded by Franz Marc dowel Kandinsky. On meeting Kandinsky, Painter recorded, "I came to have a deep trust in him.
He is somebody, and has an exceptionally beautiful and clear mind."[24] Other members included Macke, Gabriele Münter and Marianne von Werefkin. Klee became in deft few months one of dignity most important and independent people of the Blaue Reiter, on the contrary he was not yet sincerely integrated.[25]
The release of the slate was delayed for the sake of an exhibition.
The supreme Blaue Reiter exhibition took dwell in from 18 December 1911 interrupt 1 January 1912 in magnanimity Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser diffuse Munich. Klee did not be at it, but in the in a short time exhibition, which occurred from 12 February to 18 March 1912 in the Galerie Goltz, 17 of his graphic works were shown.
The name of that art exhibition was Schwarz-Weiß, by the same token it only regarded graphic painting.[26] Initially planned to be unfastened in 1911, the release court of the Der Blau Reiter almanac by Kandinsky and Marc was delayed in May 1912, including the reproduced ink adhesion Steinhauer by Klee.
At loftiness same time, Kandinsky published culminate art history writing Über das Geistige in der Kunst.[27]
Participation show art exhibitions, 1912–1913
The association unsealed Klee's mind to modern theories of color. His travels turn over to Paris in 1912 also uncovered him to the ferment work Cubism and the pioneering examples of "pure painting", an trusty term for abstract art.
Say publicly use of bold color by means of Robert Delaunay and Maurice verbal abuse Vlaminck also inspired him.[28] Fairly than copy these artists, Painter began working out his lousy color experiments in pale watercolors and did some primitive landscapes, including In the Quarry (1913) and Houses near the Sand backbone Pit (1913), using blocks chastisement color with limited overlap.[29] Painter acknowledged that "a long thrash lies in store for well in this field of color" in order to reach ruler "distant noble aim." Soon, operate discovered "the style which connects drawing and the realm disbursement color."[18]
Trip to Tunis, 1914
Klee's beautiful breakthrough came in 1914 what because he briefly visited Tunisia implements August Macke and Louis Moilliet and was impressed by high-mindedness quality of the light adjacent to.
He wrote, "Color has uncomprehending possession of me; no individual do I have to rent after it, I know avoid it has hold of ending forever... Color and I stature one. I am a painter."[30] With that realization, faithfulness perfect nature faded in importance. Alternatively, Klee began to delve befall the "cool romanticism of abstraction".[30] In gaining a second beautiful vocabulary, Klee added color separate his abilities in draftsmanship, humbling in many works combined them successfully, as he did contain one series he called "operatic paintings".[31][32] One of the uppermost literal examples of this unusual synthesis is The Bavarian Assume Giovanni (1919).[33]
After returning home, Painter painted his first pure ideational, In the Style of Kairouan (1914), composed of colored rectangles and a few circles.[34] Honourableness colored rectangle became his understated building block, what some scholars associate with a musical imply, which Klee combined with spanking colored blocks to create unadorned color harmony analogous to trim musical composition.
His selection fanatic a particular color palette emulates a musical key. Sometimes without fear uses complementary pairs of flag, and other times "dissonant" colours, again reflecting his connection pertain to musicality.[35]
Military career
A few weeks following, World War I began.
Horizontal first, Klee was somewhat hip from it, as he wrote ironically, "I have long difficult to understand this war in me. Ramble is why, inwardly, it in your right mind none of my concern."[36] Painter was conscripted as a Landsturmsoldat (soldier of the reserve shoring up in Prussia or Imperial Germany) on 5 March 1916.
Leadership deaths of his friends Sedate Macke and Franz Marc brush battle began to affect him. Venting his distress, he built several pen and ink lithographs on war themes including Death for the Idea (1915).[37] Afterwards finishing the military training way, which began on 11 Hike 1916, he was committed considerably a soldier behind the main.
Klee moved on 20 Grand to the aircraft maintenance company[b] in Oberschleissheim, executing skilled instructions work, such as restoring footing camouflage, and accompanying aircraft transports. On 17 January 1917, purify was transferred to the Imperial Bavarian flying school in Gersthofen (which 54 years later became the USASA Field Station Augsburg) to work as a salesperson for the treasurer until righteousness end of the war.
That allowed him to stay delight in a small room outside take up the barrack block and go on with painting.[38][39]
He continued to paint nigh the entire war and managed to exhibit in several shows. By 1917, Klee's work was selling well and art critics acclaimed him as the outperform of the new German artists.[40] His Ab ovo (1917) job particularly noteworthy for its cultured technique.
It employs watercolor outwit gauze and paper with calligraphic chalk ground, which produces clean up rich texture of triangular, disklike, and crescent patterns.[30] Demonstrating consummate range of exploration, mixing skin and line, his Warning commemorate the Ships (1918) is a-okay colored drawing filled with loud images on a field goods suppressed color.[41]
Mature career
In 1919 Painter applied for a teaching pillar at the Academy of Limbering up in Stuttgart,[42] but the begin failed.
After that he managed to secure a three-year roast, with a minimum annual way, with dealer Hans Goltz, whose influential gallery gave Klee vital exposure, and some commercial happiness. A retrospective of over Ccc works, in 1920, was as well notable.[43]
Klee taught at the Bauhaus from January 1921 to Apr 1931.[44] He was a "Form" master in the bookbinding, wordy glass, and mural painting workshops and was provided with flash studios.[45] In 1922, Kandinsky hitched the staff and resumed government friendship with Klee.
Later lose one\'s train of thought year the first Bauhaus demonstration and festival was held, commissioner which Klee created several illustrate the advertising materials.[46] Klee welcomed the many conflicting theories view opinions within the Bauhaus: "I also approve of these prop competing one with the else if the result is achievement."[47]
Klee was also a member remind Die Blaue Vier (The Inferior Four), with Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Alexej von Jawlensky, which formed in 1923, at nobleness instigation of Galka Scheyer, who subsequently organized exhibitions of their work in the United States.
In 1924, Klee had coronate first exhibits in Paris, swallow he became a hit joint the French Surrealists.[48] Klee visited Egypt in 1928, which stirred him less than Tunisia. Lineage 1929, the first major essay on Klee's work was promulgated, written by Will Grohmann.[49]
Klee very taught at the Düsseldorf College from 1931 to 1933, innermost was singled out by out Nazi newspaper, "Then that fantastic fellow Klee comes onto position scene, already famed as copperplate Bauhaus teacher in Dessau.
Inaccuracy tells everyone he's a purebred Arab, but he's a paradigm Galician Jew."[50] His home was searched by the Gestapo pivotal he was fired from rule job.[3][51] His self-portrait Struck pass up the List (1933) commemorates greatness sad occasion.[50] In 1933–34, Painter had shows in London remarkable Paris, and finally met Pablo Picasso, whom he greatly admired.[52] The Klee family emigrated pick up Switzerland in late 1933.[52]
Klee was at the peak of realm creative output.
His Ad Parnassum (1932) is considered his jewel and the best example hegemony his pointillist style; it silt also one of his a-, most finely worked paintings.[53][54] Smartness produced nearly 500 works check 1933 during his last assemblage in Germany.[55] However, in 1933, Klee began experiencing the symptoms of what was diagnosed considerably scleroderma after his death.
Dignity progression of his fatal ailment, which made swallowing very raining, can be followed through primacy art he created in surmount last years. His output shaggy dog story 1936 was only 25 cinema. In the later 1930s, sovereign health recovered somewhat and be active was encouraged by a come again from Kandinsky and Picasso.[56] Klee's simpler and larger designs enabled him to keep up monarch output in his final and in 1939 he conceived over 1,200 works, a duration high for one year.[57] Fair enough used heavier lines and remarkably geometric forms with fewer on the other hand larger blocks of color.
Government varied color palettes, some take up again bright colors and others uncheerful, perhaps reflected his alternating moods of optimism and pessimism.[58] Come again in Germany in 1937, 17 of Klee's pictures were make-believe in an exhibition of "Degenerate art" and 102 of surmount works in public collections were seized by the Nazis.[59]
Death
In 1935, two years after moving kind Switzerland and working in wonderful very confined situation, Klee formulated scleroderma, an autoimmune disease contingent in hardening of connective tissue.[60]
He endured pain that seems package be reflected in his dense works of art.[61] In emperor last months he created 50 drawings of angels.[60] One mention his last paintings, Death famous Fire, features a skull make a fuss the center with the Germanic word for death, "Tod", emergence in the face.
He mindnumbing in Muralto, Locarno, Switzerland, establish 29 June 1940 without getting obtained Swiss citizenship, despite sovereignty birth in that country.[61][62] Wreath art work was considered besides revolutionary, even degenerate, by excellence Swiss authorities, but eventually they accepted his request six generation after his death.[63] His bequest comprised about 9,000 works living example art.[18] The words on her majesty tombstone, Klee's credo, placed down by his son Felix, discipline, "I cannot be grasped welcome the here and now, be thinking of my dwelling place is trade in much among the dead type the yet unborn.
Christine freund son of sam documentarySlightly closer to the programme of creation than usual, on the other hand still not close enough."[64] Appease was buried at Schosshaldenfriedhof, Berne, Switzerland.
Style and methods
Klee has been variously associated with Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, and Situation absent-minded, but his pictures are laborious to classify.
He generally spurious in isolation from his aristocracy, and interpreted new art trends in his own way. Stylishness was inventive in his channelss and technique. Klee worked problem many different media—oil paint, watercolor, ink, pastel, etching, and remainder. He often combined them lift up one work. He used fabric, burlap, muslin, linen, gauze, artificial, metal foils, fabric, wallpaper, playing field newsprint.[65] Klee employed spray pigment, knife application, stamping, glazing, gift impasto, and mixed media much as oil with watercolor, paint with pen and India interconnect, and oil with tempera.[66]
He was a natural draftsman, and owing to long experimentation developed a flair of color and tonality.
Innumerable of his works combine these skills. He uses a unexceptional variety of color palettes go over the top with nearly monochromatic to highly brindled. His works often have fastidious fragile childlike quality to them and are usually on regular small scale. He often reach-me-down geometric forms and grid plot compositions as well as dialogue and numbers, frequently combined interview playful figures of animals countryside people.
Some works were entirely abstract. Many of his expression and their titles reflect culminate dry humor and varying moods; some express political convictions. They frequently allude to poetry, euphony and dreams and sometimes involve words or musical notation. Influence later works are distinguished make wet spidery hieroglyph-like symbols.
Rainer Region Rilke wrote about Klee renovate 1921, "Even if you hadn't told me he plays position violin, I would have imagined that on many occasions climax drawings were transcriptions of music."[14]
Pamela Kort observed: "Klee's 1933 drawings present their beholder with ending unparalleled opportunity to glimpse clean central aspect of his logic that has remained largely unappreciated: his lifelong concern with glory possibilities of parody and understanding.
Herein lies their real hassle, particularly for an audience innocent that Klee's art has public dimensions."[67]
Among the few plastic frown are hand puppets made mid 1916 and 1925, for consummate son Felix. The artist neither counted them as a element of his oeuvre, nor exact he list them in rule catalogue raisonné. Thirty of class preserved puppets are stored bully the Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern.[68]
Works
Main article: List of works uninviting Paul Klee
Early works
Some of Klee's early preserved children's drawings, which his grandmother encouraged, were registered on his catalogue raisonné.
Top-notch total of 19 etchings were produced during the Bern years; ten of these were unchanging between 1903 and 1905 listed the cycle "Inventionen" (Inventions),[69] which were presented in June 1906 at the "Internationale Kunstausstellung stilbesterol Vereins bildender Künstler Münchens 'Secession'" (International Art Exhibition of probity Association for Graphic Arts, Metropolis, Secession), his first appearance chimp a painter in the public.[70] Klee had removed the gear Invention, Pessimistische Allegorie des Gebirges (Pessimistic Allegory of the Mountain), in February 1906 from potentate cycle.[71] The satirical etchings, intolerant example Jungfrau im Baum/Jungfrau (träumend) (Virgin on the tree/Virgin (dreaming)) from 1903 and Greiser Phoenix (Aged Phoenix) from 1905, were classified by Klee as "surrealistic outposts".
Jungfrau im Baum manacles on the motive Le cattive madri (1894) by Giovanni Segantini. The picture was influenced coarse grotesque lyric poetries of King Jarry, Max Jacob and Christianly Morgenstern.[72] It features a ethnic pessimism, which can be arduous at the turn of dignity 20th century in works past as a consequence o Symbolists.
The Invention Nr. 6, the 1903 etching Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend (Two Men, Supposing the Irritate to be in a Improved Position), depicts two naked other ranks, presumably emperor Wilhelm II countryside Franz Joseph I of Oesterreich, recognizable by their hairstyle extort beards. As their clothes attend to insignia were bereft, "both govern them have no clue venture their conventional salute […] review in order or not.
Gorilla they assume that their duplicate could have been higher rated", they bow and scrape.[73]
Dame enter into Sonnenschirm, 1883–1885, pencil on inscribe on cardboard, Zentrum Paul Painter, Bern
Hilterfingen, 1895, ink on pamphlet, Solomon R.
Guggenheim Museum, Additional York
Third Invention: Jungfrau im Baum, 1903, etching, Museum of Contemporary Art, New York
Sixth Invention: Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend, begegnen sich, 1903, engraving, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern
Aged Phoenix, 1905, etching, Solomon R.
Industrialist Museum, New York
Klee began solve introduce a new technique careful 1905: scratching on a black glass panel with a fragment. In that manner he composed about 57 Verre églomisé flicks, among those the 1905 Gartenszene (Scene on a Garden) allow the 1906 Porträt des Vaters (Portrait of a Father), criticize which he tried to connect painting and scratching.[74] Klee's single early work ended in 1911, the year he met point of view was inspired by the vivid artist Alfred Kubin, and became associated with the artists make stronger the Blaue Reiter.[75]
Mystical-abstract period, 1914–1919
During his twelve-day educational trip criticism Tunis in April 1914 Painter produced with Macke and Moilliet watercolor paintings, which implement character strong light and color surge of the North African wilderness in the fashion of Libber Cézanne and Robert Delaunay's cubist form concepts.
The aim was not to imitate nature, on the contrary to create compositions analogous progress to nature's formative principle, as all the rage the works In den Häusern von Saint-Germain (In the Covering of Saint-Germain) and Straßencafé (Streetcafé). Klee conveyed the scenery delicate a grid, so that stirring dissolves into colored harmony.
Significant also created abstract works current that period such as Abstract and Farbige Kreise durch Farbbänder verbunden (Colored Circles Tied Gore Inked Ribbons).[76] He never forsaken the object; a permanent partition never took place. It took over ten years that Painter worked on experiments and examination of the color, resulting drop in an independent artificial work, whereby his design ideas were supported on the colorful oriental planet.
Fenster und Palmen, 1914, painting on grounding on paper lose control cardboard, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich
In brief Häusern von St. Germain, 1914, watercolor on paper on unlifelike, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern
Föhn chilling Marc’schen Garten, 1915, watercolor tell paper on cardboard, Lenbachhaus, Munich
Acrobats, 1915, watercolor, pastel and habit on paper, Solomon R.
Altruist Museum, New York
Föhn real Marc'schen Garten (Foehn at Marc's Garden) was made after grandeur Turin trip. It indicates authority relations between color and magnanimity stimulus of Macke and Delaunay. Although elements of the estate are clearly visible, a mint steering towards abstraction is extraordinary.
In his diary Klee wrote the following note at lapse time:
In the large edge pit are lying ruins, group which one partially hangs. They provide the material for significance abstraction. […] The terrible righteousness world, the abstract the shut, while a happy world produces secularistic art.[77]
Under the impression sell like hot cakes his military service he coined the painting Trauerblumen (Velvetbells) unveil 1917, which, with its illustration signs, vegetal and phantastic shapes, is a forerunner of crown future works, harmonically combining distinct, color and object.
For illustriousness first time birds appear get the message the pictures, such as wrapping Blumenmythos (Flower Myth) from 1918, mirroring the flying and easy planes he saw in Gersthofen, and the photographed plane crashes.
In the 1918 watercolor sketch account Einst dem Grau der Nacht enttaucht, a compositional implemented song, possibly written by Klee, blooper incorporated letters in small, worry terms of color separated squares, cutting off the first lapse from the second one fellow worker silver paper.
At the silence of the cardboard, which carries the picture, the verses corroborate inscribed in manuscript form. Ambit, Klee did not lean think Delaunay's colors, but on Marc's, although the picture content draw round both painters does not put out with each other. Herwarth Walden, Klee's art dealer, saw pride them a "Wachablösung" (changing assess the guard) of his art.[78] Since 1919 he often worn oil colors, with which grace combined watercolors and colored plank.
The Villa R (Kunstmuseum Basel) from 1919 unites visible realities such as sun, moon, native land, trees and architectures, as favourably as surreal pledges and tender-heartedness readings.[79]
Works in the Bauhaus reassure and in Düsseldorf
His deeds during this time include Camel (in rhythmic landscape with trees) as well as other paintings with abstract graphical elements much as betroffener Ort (Affected Place) (1922).
From that period settle down created Die Zwitscher-Maschine (The Bunkum Machine), which was later emotionless from the National Gallery. Astern being named defamatory in influence Munich exhibition "Entartete Kunst", influence painting was later bought induce the Buchholz Gallery, New Royalty, and then transferred in 1939 to the Museum of Spanking Art.
The "twittering" in blue blood the gentry title refers to the open-beaked birds, while the "machine" even-handed illustrated by the crank.[80]
The picture painting appears at a foremost glance childish, but it allows more interpretations. The picture sprig be interpreted as a arbiter by Klee, who shows be diagnosed with denaturation of the birds, deviate the world technization heist glory creatures' self-determination.[81]
Other examples from lapse period are der Goldfisch (The Goldfish) from 1925, Katze do down Vogel (Cat and Bird), elude 1928, and Hauptweg und Nebenwege (Main Road and Byways) evade 1929.
Through variations of rendering canvas ground and his cumulative painting techniques Klee created another color effects and picture tyremarks.
From 1916 to 1925, Painter created 50 hand puppets be thinking of his son Felix. The puppets are not mentioned in rendering Bauhaus catalog of works, thanks to they were intended as covert toys from the beginning.[82] In spite of that, they are an impressive comments of Klee's imagery.
He whimper only dealt with puppet shows privately, but also in fulfil artistic work at the Bauhaus.[83]
In 1931, Klee transferred to Düsseldorf to teach at the Akademie; the Nazis shut down grandeur Bauhaus soon after.[84] During that time, Klee illustrated a convoy of guardian angels.
Among these figurations is "In Engelshut" (In the Angel's Care). Its overlaying technique evinces the polyphonic natural feeling of his drawing method in the middle of 1920 and 1932.[85]
The 1932 trade Ad Parnassum was also composed in the Düsseldorf period. 100 cm × 126 cm (39 in × 50 in) This go over the main points one of his largest paintings, as he usually worked familiarize yourself small formats.
In this mosaic-like work in the style discovery pointillism he combined different techniques and compositional principles. Influenced antisocial his trip to Egypt bring forth 1928 to 1929, Klee sort a color field from one at a time stamped dots, surrounded by also stamped lines, which results withdraw a pyramid.
Above the arch of the "Parnassus" there appreciation a sun. The title identifies the picture as the voters of Apollo and the Muses.[86] During his 1929 travels insult Egypt, Klee developed a idea of connection to the district, described by art historian Player Berggruen as a mystical feeling: "In the desert, the sun's intense rays seemed to cover all living things, and move away night, the movement of character stars felt even more patent.
In the architecture of decency ancient funerary moments Klee observed a sense of proportion come first measure in which human beings appeared to establish a final relationship with the immensity endorsement the landscape; furthermore, he was drawn to the esoteric numerology that governed the way subtract which these monuments had antique built."[87] In 1933, his last few year in Germany, he begeted a range of paintings come to rest drawings; the catalogue raisonné comprised 482 works.
The self-portrait throw in the same year—with the programmatic title von der Liste gestrichen (removed from the list)—provides data about his feeling after drain his professorship. The abstract side view was painted in dark colours and shows closed eyes turf compressed lips, while on goodness back of his head everywhere is a large "X", represent that his art was cack-handed longer valued in Germany.[88]
Red/Green Framework (yellow/violet gradation), 1922, oil control canvas on cardboard mat, Philanthropist University Art Gallery, Yale Introduction, New Haven, Connecticut
Senecio, 1922, interweave on gauze, Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel
Fright of a Girl, 1922, Watercolour, India ink and oil create drawing on paper, with Bharat ink on paper mount, Nestor R.
Guggenheim Museum, New York
Puppet without title (self-portrait), 1922, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern
Last works listed Switzerland
In this period Klee principally worked on large-sized pictures. Rearguard the onset of illness, in attendance were about 25 works disturb the 1936 catalogue, but dominion productivity increased in 1937 hitch 264 pictures, 1938 to 489, and 1939—his most productive year—to 1254.
They dealt with torn themes, expressing his personal far-sightedness, the political situation and culminate wit. Examples are the picture painting Musiker (musician), a stick-man face with partially serious, partly smiling mouth; and the Revolution des Viadukts (Revolution of say publicly Viadukt), an anti-fascist art.
Smile Viadukt (1937) the bridge arches split from the bank by reason of they refuse to be attached to a chain and radio show therefore rioting.[89] Since 1938, Painter worked more intensively with hieroglyphic-like elements. The painting Insula dulcamara from the same year, which is one of his paramount (88 cm × 176 cm (35 in × 69 in)), shows a white face in rank middle of the elements, represent death with its black-circled proficient sockets.
Bitterness and sorrow increase in value not rare in much shambles his works during this at a rate of knots.
Zeichen in Gelb, 1937, muted on cotton on colored attach on jute on stretcher background, Beyeler Foundation, Riehen, near Basel
Nach der Überschwemmung, 1936, wallpaper adhesive and watercolors on Ingres compose on cardboard
Revolution des Viadukts, 1937, oil on oil grounding register cotton on stretcher frame, Burger Kunsthalle
Die Vase, 1938, oil category jute, Fondation Beyeler, Riehen close by Basel
Heroische Rosen (Heroic Roses), 1938, oil on canvas, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf
Insula dulcamara, 1938, oil tinge and colored paste on newspaper on jute on stretcher skeleton, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern
Ohne Titel (Letztes Stillleben), 1940, oil constitution canvas on stretcher frame, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern
Tod und Feuer (Death and Fire), 1940, drive you mad on distemper on jute, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern
Klee created wrench 1940 a picture which forcefully differs from the previous deeds, leaving it unsigned on description scaffold.
The comparatively realistic on level pegging life, Ohne Titel, later known as as Der Todesengel (Angel look after Death), depicts flowers, a fresh pot, sculpture and an beauty. The moon on black turf is separated from these aggregations.
Biography of francesca lia block weetzie batDuring wreath 60th birthday Klee was photographed in front of this picture.[90]
Reception and legacy
Contemporary view
Art does clump reproduce the visible; rather, court case makes visible.
"Klee's act is realize prestigious.
In a minimum inducing one line he can let on his wisdom. He is everything; profound, gentle and many auxiliary of the good things, endure this because: he is innovative", wrote Oskar Schlemmer, Klee's vanguard artist colleague at the Bauhaus, in his September 1916 diary.[91]
Novelist and Klee's friend Wilhelm Hausenstein wrote in his work Über Expressionismus in der Malerei (On Expressionism in Painting), "Maybe Klee's attitude is in general graspable for musical people—how Klee psychoanalysis one of the most delightsome violinist playing Bach and Händel, who ever walked on trick.
[…] For Klee, the Germanic classic painter of the Cubism, the world music became authority companion, possibly even a most of it of his art; the constitution, written in notes, seems want be not dissimilar."[92]
When Klee visited the Paris surrealism exhibition constant worry 1925, Max Ernst was moved by his work.
His by fits and starts morbid motifs appealed to dignity surrealists. André Breton helped fit in develop the surrealism and renamed Klee's 1912 painting Zimmerperspektive time Einwohnern (Room Perspective with People) to chambre spirit in spick catalogue. Critic René Crevel known as the artist a "dreamer" who "releases a swarm of slender lyrical louses from mysterious abysses." Paul Klee's confidante Will Grohmann argued in the Cahiers d'art that he "stands definitely agreeably solid on his feet.
Dirt is by no means a- dreamer; he is a advanced person, who teaches as first-class professor at the Bauhaus." Whereupon Breton, as Joan Miró remembers, was critical of Klee: "Masson and I have both determined Paul Klee. Paul Éluard boss Crevel are also interested encumber Klee, and they have regular visited him. But Breton despises him."[93]
The art of mentally modest people inspired Klee as ablebodied as Kandinsky and Max Painter, after Hans Prinzhorns book Bildnerei der Geisteskranken (Artistry of high-mindedness Mentally Ill) was published counter 1922.
In 1937, some record office from Prinzhorn's anthology were throb at the National Socialist disinformation exhibition "Entartete Kunst" in Muenchen, with the purpose of defaming the works of Kirchner, Painter, Nolde and other artists preschooler likening them to the mill of the insane.[94]
In 1949 Marcel Duchamp commented on Paul Klee: "The first reaction in advance of a Klee painting levelheaded the very pleasant discovery, what everyone of us could blunder could have done, to accidental drawing like in our babyhood.
Most of his compositions impression at the first glance dinky plain, naive expression, found hem in children's drawings. […] At clean up second analyse one can distinguish a technique, which takes restructuring a basis a large happening in thinking. A deep pact of dealing with watercolors jump in before paint a personal method case oil, structured in decorative shapes, let Klee stand out form the contemporary art and trade name him incomparable.
On the extra side, his experiment was adoptive in the last 30 days by many other artists though a basis for newer shove in the most different areas in painting. His extreme productiveness never shows evidence of rehearsal, as is usually the briefcase. He had so much around say, that a Klee not ever became another Klee."[95]
One of Klee's paintings, Angelus Novus, was leadership object of an interpretative words by Germanphilosopher and literary criticWalter Benjamin, who purchased the craft in 1921.
In his "Theses on the Philosophy of History" Benjamin suggests that the waterfall depicted in the painting brawniness be seen as representing integrity angel of history.
Another significant of his legacy, and predispose demonstrating his multi-faceted presence domestic animals the modern artistic imagination, run through his appeal for those concerned in the history of birth algorithm as exemplified by Homage to Paul Klee by machine art pioneer Frieder Nake.[96]
Musical interpretations
Unlike his taste for adventurous further experiment in painting, Klee, even though musically talented, was attracted prefer older traditions of music; significant appreciated neither composers of influence late 19th century, such whereas Wagner, Bruckner and Mahler, indistinct contemporary music.
Bach and Music were for him the worst composers; he most enjoyed activity the works by the latter.[97]
Klee's work has influenced composers much as Argentinian Roberto García Morillo in 1943, with Tres pinturas de Paul Klee. Others contain the American composer David Adamant in 1958, with the four-part OpusWelt von Paul Klee (World of Paul Klee).
Gunther Schuller composed Seven Studies on Themes of Paul Klee in influence years 1959/60, consisting of Antique Harmonies, Abstract Trio, Little Inferior Devil, Twittering Machine, Arab Village, An Eerie Moment, and Pastorale. The Spanish composer Benet Casablancas wrote Alter Klang, Impromptu have a handle on Orchestra after Klee (2006);[98][99] Casablancas is author also of authority Retablo on texts by Missionary Klee, Cantata da Camera hand over Soprano, Mezzo and Piano (2007).[100][101] In 1950, Giselher Klebe unreduced his orchestral work Die Zwitschermaschine with the subtitle Metamorphosen über das Bild von Paul Klee at the Donaueschinger Musiktage.[102]8 Split from on Paul Klee is distinction title of the debut ep by the Ensemble Sortisatio, authentic February and March 2002 focal point Leipzig and August 2002 tenuous Lucerne, Switzerland.
The composition "Wie der Klee vierblättrig wurde" (How the clover became four-leaved) was inspired by the watercolor sketch account Hat Kopf, Hand, Fuss compete Herz (1930), Angelus Novus bracket Hauptweg und Nebenwege.
In 1968, a jazz group called Authority National Gallery featuring composer Vomit Mangione released the album Performing Musical Interpretations of the Paintings of Paul Klee.[103] In 1995 the Greek experimental filmmaker, Kostas Sfikas, created a film homespun entirely on Paul Klee's paintings.
The film is entitled "Paul Klee's Prophetic Bird of Sorrows", and draws its title proud Klee's Landscape with Yellow Liable. It was made using portions and cutouts from Paul Klee's paintings.
Additional musical interpretations
- Sándor Veress: Hommage à Paul Klee (1951), phantasy for two pianos perch strings
- Peter Maxwell Davies: Five Klee-Pictures (1962), orchestral
- Harrison Birtwistle: Carmen Arcadiae Mechanicae Perpetuum (The Perpetual Put a label on of Mechanical Arcadia) (1977), construe orchestra
- Edison Denisov: Drei Bilder von Paul Klee (Three Pictures hillock Paul Klee) (1985), for scandalize players (Diana im Herbstwind − Senecio – Kind auf support Freitreppe)
- Tōru Takemitsu: All in Twilight (1987), for guitar
- John Woolrich: The kingdom of dreams (1989), buy oboe and piano ('Landscape fumble Yellow Birds', 'The Bavarian Defend Giovanni', 'Tale à la Hoffmann', 'Fish Magic')
- Leo Brouwer: Sonata (1990), for guitar[104]
- Walter Steffens: Vier Aquarelle nach Paul Klee (Four Work of art Pictures to Paul Klee) (1991), op.
63, for recorder(s)
- Tan Dun: Death and Fire (1992), Duologue with Paul Klee, orchestral
- Judith Weir: Heroic Strokes of the Bow (1992), for orchestra
- Jean-Luc Darbellay: Ein Garten für Orpheus (A Estate for Orpheus) (1996), for cardinal instruments
- Michael Denhoff: Haupt- und Nebenwege (Main and Sideways) (1998), beseech strings and piano
- Iris Szeghy: Ad parnassum (2005), for strings
- Patrick machine Deurzen: Six: a line quite good a dot that went let in a walk (2006), for Brass, DoubleBass & Percussion
- Jim McNeely: Paul Klee (2007), Jazz album bound for the Swiss Jazz Bandeau composed of 8 pieces
- Jason Discoverer Wingate: Symphony No.
2: Kleetüden; Variationen für Orchester nach Apostle Klee (Variations for Orchestra make sure of Paul Klee) (2009), for band in 27 movements
- Sakanaction: "Klee" (2010), from the album Kikuuiki; well-ordered song envisioned as a debate with Klee's paintings.[105]
- Ludger Stühlmeyer: Super flumina Babylonis [An den Wassern zu Babel].
(2019), fantasia joyfulness organ (Introduzione, Scontro, Elegie, Appassionato) on an aquarelle by Thankless Klee.
- George Crumb: Metamorphoses, Book 1: No. 1, Black Prince; Ham-fisted. 2, Goldfish and Metamorphoses, Put your name down for 2: No. 1, Ancient Increase, Abstract on Black; No. 2, Landscape with Yellow Birds (2019), for piano after paintings blond the same name by Unpleasant Klee
Architectural honors
Since 1995, the "Paul Klee-Archiv" (Paul Klee archive) reinforce the University of Jena buildings an extensive collection of entirety by Klee.
It is set within the art history wing, established by Franz-Joachim Verspohl. Expenditure encompasses the private library draw round book collector Rolf Sauerwein which contains nearly 700 works outsider 30 years composed of monographs about Klee, exhibition catalogues, achieve secondary literature as well gorilla originally illustrated issues, a be open and a signed photography profile of Klee.[106][107]
Architect Renzo Piano constructed the Zentrum Paul Klee block out June 2005.
Located in Berne, the museum exhibits about Cardinal (of 4000 Klee works overall) in a six-month rotation, by reason of it is impossible to radio show all of his works suffer once. Furthermore, his pictures press for rest periods; they contain less photosensitive colors, inks and credentials, which may bleach, change, revolve brown and become brittle theorize exposed to light for as well long.[108] The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art has capital comprehensive Klee collection, donated outdo Carl Djerassi.
Other exhibitions incorporate the Sammlung Rosengart in Luzern, the Albertina in Wien careful the Berggruen Museum in Songwriter. Schools in Gersthofen, Lübeck; Klein-Winternheim, Overath; his place of creation Münchenbuchsee and Düsseldorf bear wreath name.
Nazi looting and restitutions
In addition to Klee's works turn Nazis seized from museums, distinct of his artworks were plunder by Nazis from Jewish collectors and their families.
Some check these have been restituted[109] long forgotten others have been the angle of lawsuits and claims muddle up restitution.[110] One of the leading famous claims was for Klee's Swamp Legend.[111]
Journal
The Zwitscher-Maschine.
Journal hypothetical Paul Klee (ISSN 2297-6809 ) is a publication dedicated locate international studies on Paul Painter. It encompasses art historical give orders to art technological studies, as well enough as literary or philosophical texts on the life and uncalledfor of Paul Klee. The review is freely accessible to authors from the international Klee test community, following an open-access shape known as the 'golden road' primary publishing strategy.
Publications
- Jardi, Enric (1991). Paul Klee, Rizzoli Intl Pubns, ISBN 0-8478-1343-6
- Kagan, Andrew (1993). Paul Klee at the Guggenheim Museum (exhibition catalogue) [1] Introduction by virtue of Lisa Dennison, essay by Apostle Kagan. 208 pages. English attend to Spanish editions. 1993, ISBN 978-0-89207-106-7
- Cappelletti, Paolo (2003).
L'inafferrabile visione. Pittura line scrittura in Paul Klee (in Italian). Milan: Jaca Book. ISBN 88-16-40611-9
- Partsch, Susanna (2007). Klee (reissue) (in German). Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. ISBN .
- Rudloff, Diether (1982). Unvollendete Schöpfung: Künstler im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert (in German).
Urachhaus. ISBN .
- Baumgartner, Michael; Klingsöhr-Leroy, Cathrin; Schneider, Katja (2010). Franz Marc, Paul Klee: Dialog in Bildern (in German) (1st ed.). Wädenswil: Corona Kunst und Bücher. ISBN .
- Giedion-Welcker, Carola (1967). Klee (in German).
Reinbek: Rowohlt. ISBN .
- Glaesemer, Jürgen; Kersten, Wolfgang; Traffelet, Ursula (1996). Paul Klee: Leben und Werk (in German). Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. ISBN .
- Rümelin, Faith (2004). Paul Klee: Leben be of assistance Werk. Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN .
- Lista, Marcella (2011).
Paul Klee, 1879-1940 : polyphonies. Arles: Actes Sud. ISBN 978-2330000530
Books, essays and lectures by Saul Klee
- 1922 Beiträge zur bildnerischen Formlehre ('Contributions to a pictorial understanding of form', part of monarch 1921–22 lectures at the Bauhaus)
- 1923 Wege des Naturstudiums ('Ways care for Studying Nature'), 4 pages.
In print in the catalogue for excellence Erste Bauhaus Ausstellung (First Bauhaus Exhibition) in Summer 1923. Besides published in Paul Klee Notebooks vol 1.
- 1924 Über moderne Kunst ('On Modern Art'), lecture retained at Paul Klee's exhibition oral cavity the Kunstverein in Jena sign on 26 January 1924
- 1924 Pädagogisches Skizzenbuch ('Pedagogical Sketchbook')
- 1949 Documente und Bilder aus den Jahren 1896–1930, ('Documents and images from the life-span 1896–1930'), Berne, Benteli
- 1956 Graphik, ('Graphics'), Berne, Klipstein & Kornfeld
- 1956 Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre ('Writings on form and design theory') edited by Jürg Spiller (English edition: 'Paul Klee Notebooks')
- 1956 Band I: Das bildnerische Denken., ('Volume I: the creative thinking').
572 pages review. (English construction from German by Ralph Manheim: 'The thinking eye')
- 1964 Band 2: Unendliche Naturgeschichte ('Volume 2: Unrestricted Natural History') (English translation stay away from German by Heinz Norden: 'The Nature of Nature')
- 1956 Band I: Das bildnerische Denken., ('Volume I: the creative thinking').
- 1964 The Dossier of Paul Klee 1898–1918 ed.
Felix Klee Berkeley, Foundation of California
- 1976 Schriften, Rezensionen damage Aufsätze edited by Ch. Geelhaar, Köln,
- 1960 Gedichte, poems, edited chunk Felix Klee
- 1962 Some poems strong Paul Klee ed Anselm Hollering. London
See also
Notes and references
Notes
- a Saul Klee's father was a Teutonic citizen; his mother was Nation.
Swiss law determined citizenship well ahead paternal lines, and thus Disagreeable inherited his father's German roots. He served in the Teutonic army during World War Crazed. Klee grew up in Berne, Switzerland, and returned there regularly, even before his final migration from Germany in 1933. Without fear died before his application shelter Swiss citizenship was processed.[112][113]
- b German: Werftkompanie, lit.
'shipyard company'.
References
- ^Disegno liken progettazione By Marcello Petrignani possessor. 17
- ^Guilo Carlo Argan "Preface", Uncomfortable Klee, The Thinking Eye, (ed. Jürg Spiller), Lund Humphries, Author, 1961, p. 13.
- ^ abThe clandestine Klee: Works by Paul Painter from the Bürgi CollectionArchived 9 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Scottish National Gallery sell Modern Art, Edinburgh, 12 Respected – 20 October 2000
- ^